How Does Self-Perceived Unsteadiness Influence Balance and Gait in People With Diabetes? Preliminary Observations

People with diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) exhibit marked unsteadiness during gait (1), increasing their risk of falling 20-fold compared with their matched counterparts without diabetes (2). Unsteadiness and associated restrictions in activities of daily living predict depressive symptoms in patients with DPN (3), highlighting the negative spiral between DPN, unsteadiness, falls, and psychological distress (4). However, because unsteadiness has been assessed by self-report in most previous studies, it remains unknown whether a person’s perception of unsteadiness actually correlates with objective measures of balance and gait. This study aimed to assess self-perceived unsteadiness in patients with and without DPN as compared with people without diabetes and to investigate how self-perceived unsteadiness influences gait and balance control.

Three groups were investigated: patients with DPN (DPN group; neuropathy disability score [NDS] ≥6, vibration perception threshold [VPT] ≥25 V), patients with diabetes but no neuropathy (DM group; NDS ≤3, VPT ≤15 V [5]), and matched control subjects without diabetes (Table 1). Self-perceived unsteadiness was assessed using two items from the neuropathy-specific quality of life questionnaire (Neuro-QoL) asking about problems with balance experienced during walking and standing (6). Participants underwent gait analysis using a 10-camera motion analysis system and force platforms while walking at their self-selected speed in standardized footwear. Separation between the body’s center of mass and the center of pressure under the feet in both anterior-posterior and mediolateral planes was defined as “dynamic sway,” as we have previously described in patients with diabetes (1).

The DPN group reported more self-perceived unsteadiness compared with DM and control groups (P < 0.0001). Body center-of-mass movement was significantly altered in the DPN group compared with the control group (P < 0.05; Table 1). Gait velocity and step length were significantly reduced in the DPN group compared with control subjects (P < 0.0001). The strongest correlations with participants’ self-perceived unsteadiness were with gait velocity, step length, and severity of DPN (Table 1).

The novelty of the current study is in showing that DPN patients are not only aware of themselves as being unsteady but actually attempt to self-regulate their unsteadiness by walking more slowly and taking shorter steps. These gait adjustments reduce the extent to which DPN patients need to move their body forward, away from their base of support, during each step.

Consistent with previous reports (3), we found that self-perceived unsteadiness increases with advancing severity of DPN; hence, diabetic neuropathy and self-perceived unsteadiness seem inextricably linked to fall risk. Interestingly, self-perceived unsteadiness in the DM group was actually no different from that of control subjects without diabetes. These findings are consistent with our gait laboratory study showing that significant unsteadiness was only present in patients with DPN (1). Therefore, participants’ perception of unsteadiness appears to match that of gait laboratory measurements of balance impairment. Indeed, we show almost identical group mean values for maximum mediolateral dynamic sway, a key indicator of balance impairments, as we did in a previous study with the same group allocations (DPN, DM, and control) during level walking (1). The current study also found a significant correlation between the anterior-posterior dynamic sway and self-perceived unsteadiness, further supporting our expectations that subjective perceptions of unsteadiness would correlate with the objective laboratory measures of balance.

Some study limitations and opportunities for future work should be acknowledged. Information on fear of falling, depression, and fall history would have provided a deeper insight, and its lack should be acknowledged as a limitation. Centrally acting medication associated with diabetes may have an impact upon gait and balance and is being analyzed as a covariate as part of a larger ongoing study. The question that remains is to what extent the psychological factors, such as self-perceived unsteadiness and fear of falling, actually drive changes in gait characteristics, or whether the experienced problems with gait and balance largely determine the patient’s subjective appraisal of feeling unsteady. Although no psychosocial interventional studies to date have been performed in people with DPN-related unsteadiness, some positive effects on reducing falls have been achieved in high-risk older adults. These studies used multifactorial interventions that involved education and cognitive behavioral therapy approaches (4). Such interventions may therefore offer potential for modifying psychosocial factors associated with unsteadiness in DPN patients with the aim of reducing fall risk.

• Received October 11, 2016.
• Accepted January 28, 2017.

• © 2017 by the American Diabetes Association.