Factors Associated With Diabetes-Specific Health-Related Quality of Life in Youth With Type 1 Diabetes: The Global TEENs Study
Article Figures & Tables
Figures
- Figure 1
Geographic representation of countries, sites, and participants involved in the global TEENs study.
Tables
- Table 1
Factors associated with D-HRQOL in multivariate linear regression
Explanatory variable interpretation 8–12years 13–18 years 19–25 years All Adjusted means (SE)* Estimate (95% CI)* P value* Patient characteristics Sex <0.001 n 1,715 2,846 1,326 5,887 Male (reference) 51 52 51 51 70.2 (0.3) 0.0 Female 49 48 49 49 66.2 (0.3) −4.0 (−4.7, −3.4) <0.001 BMI (kg/m2) 0.040 n 1,711 2,842 1,320 5,873 Underweight/normal (reference) 71 74 71 73 68.7 (0.3) 0.0 Overweight 16 15 24 17 68.7 (0.4) 0.0 (−0.9, 0.9) 0.942 Obese 13 11 6 10 67.3 (0.6) −1.4 (−2.6, −0.3) 0.012 Age at diagnosis (years) 0.010 n 1,715 2,846 1,326 5,887 ≥10 (reference) 43 20 16 26 68.0 (0.4) 0.0 <6 49 33 25 36 69.0 (0.4) 0.9 (0.0, 1.8) 0.050 ≥6 to <10 8 47 59 39 67.6 (0.4) −0.4 (−1.2, 0.4) 0.344 HbA1c (%) <0.001 n 1,714 2,846 1,325 5,885 <7.5 (reference) 32 29 33 31 71.5 (0.4) 0.0 ≥7.5 to <9.0 42 36 37 38 68.4 (0.4) −3.2 (−4.0, −2.4) <0.001 ≥9.0 26 35 30 31 64.8 (0.4) −6.8 (−7.7, −5.9) <0.001 Family characteristics Person living with patient 0.029 n 1,712 2,844 1,324 5,880 Living with both parents (reference) 85 82 67 79 66.9 (0.3) 0.0 Only mother/only father 13 15 12 13 65.7 (0.5) −1.2 (−2.3, −0.2) 0.018 Alone + other 3 4 22 8 65.9 (0.7) −1.1 (−2.5, 0.3) 0.127 What is the highest level of education either of the patient’s parents/guardians completed? <0.001 n 1,673 2,791 1,274 5,738 Illiterate/primary (reference) 16 17 21 17 65.2 (0.6) 0.0 Secondary 42 44 43 43 66.0 (0.4) 0.7 (−0.3, 1.7) 0.165 University/higher 42 40 37 40 67.3 (0.4) 2.1 (1.1, 3.2) <0.001 Conflict for check and interpret blood glucose levels over the past month <0.001 n 1,706 2,837 1,314 5,857 Almost never (reference) 54 48 67 54 67.8 (0.5) 0.0 Sometimes + almost always 46 52 33 46 64.5 (0.4) −3.2 (−4.3, −2.2) <0.001 Conflict for select and give insulin doses over the past month 0.254 n 1,706 2,837 1,314 5,857 Almost never (reference) 60 56 73 61 66.5 (0.4) 0.0 Sometimes + almost always 40 44 27 39 65.9 (0.5) −0.6 (−1.7, 0.5) 0.254 Has the patient or his/her family members cut down or stopped working because of diabetes? <0.001 n 1,704 2,832 1,315 5,851 No (reference) 82 89 91 88 67.5 (0.3) 0.0 Yes 18 11 9 12 64.8 (0.6) −2.7 (−3.7, −1.6) <0.001 Data are n or n (%) unless otherwise indicated. Boldface P values indicate overall factor is significantly related to HRQOL score.
↵*Based on N = 5,741 (5,882) for patient (family) characteristics analysis, respectively.
- Table 2
Diabetes regimen and self-management behavior characteristics associated with D-HRQOL in multivariate linear regression
Explanatory variable interpretation 8–12 years 13–18 years 19–25 years All Adjusted means (SE)* Estimate (95% CI)* P value* Insulin regimen 0.100 n 1,715 2,846 1,326 5,887 Basal bolus regimen (reference) 66.6 67.8 72.6 68.5 65.6 (0.7) 0.0 Pump only 25.6 24.7 19.5 23.8 66.5 (0.8) 0.8 (−0.1, 1.7) 0.081 Any other insulin regimen 7.8 7.5 7.8 7.7 64.8 (0.9) −0.8 (−2.3, 0.6) 0.270 Methods used to measure food intake for diabetes management <0.001 n 1,673 2,760 1,270 5,703 Only avoids sugars/added sugars (reference) 11 10 9 10 63.2 (0.9) 0.0 Carbohydrate counting 44 40 42 41 67.1 (0.7) 3.9 (2.4, 5.5) <0.001 Carbohydrate exchanges/weighing/measuring 15 15 8 13 66.3 (0.8) 3.1 (1.5, 4.7) <0.001 Estimation based on experience 31 36 42 36 66.0 (0.7) 2.9 (1.4, 4.3) <0.001 On average in a 1-month period, about how many times per day is the participant checking his/her blood glucose with a blood glucose meter? <0.001 n 1,708 2,822 1,316 5,846 ≥0 to ≤2 (reference) 13 23 40 24 63.3 (0.8) 0.0 >2 to ≤4 32 44 41 40 65.7 (0.7) 2.3 (1.3, 3.4) <0.001 >4 to ≤5 18 15 11 15 67.1 (0.8) 3.8 (2.5, 5.0) <0.001 >5 38 18 8 22 66.5 (0.8) 3.2 (2.0, 4.5) <0.001 Diabetic ketoacidosis <0.001 n 1,715 2,845 1,326 5,886 No (reference) 94 94 94 94 67.3 (0.6) 0.0 Yes 6 6 6 6 64.0 (0.9) −3.2 (−4.8, −1.7) <0.001 Severe hypoglycemia resulting in seizure or loss of consciousness 0.086 n 1,714 2,845 1,326 5,885 No (reference) 98 98 96 97 66.6 (0.5) 0.0 Yes 3 2 4 3 64.7 (1.2) −1.9 (−4.1, 0.3) 0.086 Number of days when the participant spent at least 30 min doing any physical activities or exercise per week <0.001 n 1,687 2,812 1,301 5,800 0–2 (reference) 33 38 44 38 64.5 (0.7) 0.0 3–7 67 62 56 62 66.7 (0.7) 2.2 (1.5, 2.9) <0.001 Data are n or n (%) unless otherwise indicated. Boldface P values indicate overall factor is significantly related to HRQOL score.
↵*Based on N = 5,460.
- Table 3
Participant self-report, D-HRQOL total score, for the eligible population
8–12 years (N = 1,715) 13–18 years (N = 2,846) 19–25 years (N = 1,326) Total (N = 5,887) Total scale score (child) N 1,690 2,806 1,260 5,756 Mean (SD) 71.91 (13.18) 70.09 (13.68) 67.83 (14.25) 70.13 (13.74) 95% CI 71.28; 72.54 69.58; 70.59 67.05; 68.62 69.77; 70.48 Median 73.21 71.43 69.20 71.43 Q1; Q3 63.39; 82.14 61.61; 80.36 58.93; 78.57 61.61; 80.36 Total score (in quartiles) N 1,690 2,806 1,260 5,756 <61.61 335 (19.8%) 692 (24.7%) 373 (29.6%) 1,400 (24.3%) ≥61.61 to <71.43 396 (23.4%) 668 (23.8%) 317 (25.2%) 1,381 (24.0%) ≥71.43 to <80.36 463 (27.4%) 739 (26.3%) 317 (25.2%) 1,519 (26.4%) ≥80.36 496 (29.3%) 707 (25.2%) 253 (20.1%) 1,456 (25.3%) Quartiles for total score in classes are based on total eligible population.
In this Issue
August 2017, 40(8)
Factors Associated With Diabetes-Specific Health-Related Quality of Life in Youth With Type 1 Diabetes: The Global TEENs Study
