BMI and All-Cause Mortality in Normoglycemia, Impaired Fasting Glucose, Newly Diagnosed Diabetes, and Prevalent Diabetes: A Cohort Study
Article Figures & Tables
Figures
- Figure 1
HRs for mortality in 11 BMI categories by diabetes status and sex for men and women (A), men (B), and women (C). BMI categories (kg/m2): <17.5, 17.5–18.9, 19.0–20.4, 20.5–21.9, 22.0–23.4, 23.5–24.9, 25.0–26.4 [reference], 26.5–27.9, 28.0–29.4, 29.5–30.9, and ≥31.0. The midpoint was used as a representative value for each BMI category except for both ends (16.9 and 32.3), for which the median of all participants was used. HRs and 95% CIs were calculated using Cox proportional hazards models stratified by baseline age (18–24, 25–34, 35–44, 45–54, 55–64, 65–74, 75–84, and 85–99 years) after adjustment for age at baseline as a continuous variable (within each age-group), sex, smoking history, alcohol use, and physical activity.
- Figure 2
HRs for mortality in 44 BMI–diabetes status combined categories by age in men: 18–99 years (A), 18–44 years (B), 45–54 years (C), 55–64 years (D), 65–74 years (E), and 75–99 years (F). BMI categories (kg/m2): <17.5, 17.5–18.9, 19.0–20.4, 20.5–21.9, 22.0–23.4, 23.5–24.9, 25.0–26.4, 26.5–27.9, 28.0–29.4, 29.5–30.9, and ≥31.0. Normoglycemic people with BMI 25–26.4 were the reference group. The midpoint was used as a representative value for each BMI category, except for both ends (16.9 and 32.3), for which the median of all participants was used. HRs and 95% CIs were calculated using Cox proportional hazards models stratified by baseline age (18–24, 25–34, 35–44, 45–54, 55–64, 65–74, 75–84, and 85–99 years) after adjustment for age at baseline as a continuous variable (within each age-group), smoking status, alcohol use, and physical activity.
- Figure 3
HRs for mortality in 44 BMI–diabetes status combined categories by age in women: 18–99 years (A), 18–44 years (B), 45–54 years (C), 55–64 years (D), 65–74 years (E), and 75–99 years (F). BMI categories (kg/m2): <17.5, 17.5–18.9, 19.0–20.4, 20.5–21.9, 22.0–23.4, 23.5–24.9, 25.0–26.4, 26.5–27.9, 28.0–29.4, 29.5–30.9, and ≥31.0. Normoglycemic individuals with BMI 25–26.4 were the reference group. The midpoint was used as a representative value for each BMI category, except for both ends (16.9 and 32.3), for which the median of all participants was used. HRs and 95% CIs were calculated using Cox proportional hazards models stratified by baseline age (18–24, 25–34, 35–44, 45–54, 55–64, 65–74, 75–84, and 85–99 years) (if applicable) after adjustment for age at baseline as a continuous variable (within each age-group), smoking history, alcohol use, and physical activity.
Tables
- Table 1
Characteristics of participants according to diabetes status
Variable Total Normoglycemia IFG Newly diagnosed diabetes Prevalent diabetes N = 12,815,006 n = 9,403,894 n = 2,505,235 n = 546,232 n = 359,645 Age, years 44.4 ± 14.2 42.5 ± 13.9 47.7 ± 13.8 52.5 ± 13.3 56.8 ± 12.1 BMI, kg/m2 23.5 ± 3.2 23.2 ± 3.1 24.1 ± 3.2 24.7 ± 3.3 24.5 ± 3.2 SBP, mmHg 124.1 ± 17.3 122.3 ± 16.6 127.9 ± 17.7 133.1 ± 19.0 131.5 ± 18.8 FSG, mg/dL 94.9 ± 31.0 84.8 ± 8.6 108.0 ± 6.6 133.1 ± 19.0 131.5 ± 18.8 Total cholesterol, mg/dL 194.2 ± 49.0 191.2 ± 44.8 201.1 ± 56.6 208.5 ± 64.8 201.2 ± 58.3 Sex Men 7,292,064 (56.9) 5,155,811 (54.8) 367,232 (67.2) 1,567,046 (62.6) 201,975 (56.2) Women 5,522,942 (43.1) 4,248,083 (45.2) 179,000 (32.8) 938,189 (37.4) 157,670 (43.8) Smoking status Current smoker 3,653,334 (28.5) 2,626,812 (27.9) 182,435 (33.4) 756,268 (30.2) 87,819 (24.2) Former smoker 1,099,436 (8.6) 759,271 (8.1) 52,186 (9.6) 249,647 (10.0) 38,332 (10.7) Never smoker 7,425,581 (57.9) 5,527,669 (58.8) 283,945 (52.0) 1,389,340 (55.5) 224,627 (62.5) Missing 636,655 (5.0) 490,142 (5.2) 27,666 (5.1) 109,980 (4.4) 8,867 (26.8) Alcohol consumption, frequency (days) ≤1/month 6,102,884 (47.6) 4,490,767 (47.8) 252,841 (46.3) 1,142,796 (45.6) 216,480 (60.2) 2/month–2/week 4,980,284 (38.9) 3,743,434 (39.8) 185,155 (33.9) 955,218 (38.1) 96,477 (26.8) 3–7/week 1,237,846 (9.7) 791,794 (8.4) 84,861 (15.5) 321,116 (12.8) 40,075 (11.1) Missing 493,992 (3.9) 377,899 (4.0) 23,375 (4.3) 86,105 (3.4) 6,613 (1.8) Physical activity ≥1 times/week 5,158,300 (40.3) 3,744,925 (39.8) 1,032,589 (38.1) 211,600 (33.9) 169,186 (26.8) Self-reported comorbidity Cancer, heart disease, stroke 202,464 (1.6) 120,449 (1.3) 46,594 (1.9) 16,676 (3.1) 18,745 (5.2) Data are expressed as mean ± SD or n (%).
FSG, fasting serum glucose; SBP, systolic blood pressure.
P values, which were calculated by χ2 tests and one-way ANOVA between diabetes status groups, were <0.001 for each variable.
To convert cholesterol from mg/dL to mmol/L, multiply by 0.0259.
To convert glucose from mg/dL to mmol/L, multiply by 0.0555.
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