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Position Statements

2. Classification and Diagnosis of Diabetes

  1. American Diabetes Association
Diabetes Care 2017 Jan; 40(Supplement 1): S11-S24. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc17-S005
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CLASSIFICATION

Diabetes can be classified into the following general categories:

  1. Type 1 diabetes (due to autoimmune β-cell destruction, usually leading to absolute insulin deficiency)

  2. Type 2 diabetes (due to a progressive loss of β-cell insulin secretion frequently on the background of insulin resistance)

  3. Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) (diabetes diagnosed in the second or third trimester of pregnancy that was not clearly overt diabetes prior to gestation)

  4. Specific types of diabetes due to other causes, e.g., monogenic diabetes syndromes (such as neonatal diabetes and maturity-onset diabetes of the young [MODY]), diseases of the exocrine pancreas (such as cystic fibrosis), and drug- or chemical-induced diabetes (such as with glucocorticoid use, in the treatment of HIV/AIDS, or after organ transplantation)

This section reviews most common forms of diabetes but is not comprehensive. For additional information, see the American Diabetes Association (ADA) position statement “Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus” (1).

Type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes are heterogeneous diseases in which clinical presentation and disease progression may vary considerably. Classification is important for determining therapy, but some individuals cannot be clearly classified as having type 1 or type 2 diabetes at the time of diagnosis. The traditional paradigms of type 2 diabetes occurring only in adults and type 1 diabetes only in children are no longer accurate, as both diseases occur in both cohorts. Occasionally, patients with type 2 diabetes may present with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), particularly ethnic minorities (2). Children with type 1 diabetes typically present with the hallmark symptoms of polyuria/polydipsia, and approximately one-third present with DKA (3). The onset of type 1 diabetes may be more variable in adults, and they may not present with the classic symptoms seen in children. Although difficulties in distinguishing diabetes type may occur in all age-groups at onset, the true diagnosis becomes more …

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Diabetes Care: 40 (Supplement 1)

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January 2017, 40(Supplement 1)
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2. Classification and Diagnosis of Diabetes
American Diabetes Association
Diabetes Care Jan 2017, 40 (Supplement 1) S11-S24; DOI: 10.2337/dc17-S005

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2. Classification and Diagnosis of Diabetes
American Diabetes Association
Diabetes Care Jan 2017, 40 (Supplement 1) S11-S24; DOI: 10.2337/dc17-S005
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  • Article
    • CLASSIFICATION
    • DIAGNOSTIC TESTS FOR DIABETES
    • CATEGORIES OF INCREASED RISK FOR DIABETES (PREDIABETES)
    • TYPE 1 DIABETES
    • TYPE 2 DIABETES
    • GESTATIONAL DIABETES MELLITUS
    • MONOGENIC DIABETES SYNDROMES
    • CYSTIC FIBROSIS–RELATED DIABETES
    • POSTTRANSPLANTATION DIABETES MELLITUS
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More in this TOC Section

  • 4. Comprehensive Medical Evaluation and Assessment of Comorbidities: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes—2020
  • 2. Classification and Diagnosis of Diabetes: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes—2020
  • 5. Facilitating Behavior Change and Well-being to Improve Health Outcomes: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes—2020
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© 2021 by the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care Print ISSN: 0149-5992, Online ISSN: 1935-5548.