Diabetes, Glycated Hemoglobin, and the Risk of Myocardial Infarction in Women and Men: A Prospective Cohort Study of the UK Biobank

Multiple-adjusted sex-specific HRs for MI by diabetes status (reference = no diabetes) (A) and levels of HbA_1c (reference = no previously diagnosed diabetes) (B). Analyses on diabetes status were adjusted for age, smoking, BMI, systolic blood pressure, use of antihypertensive medication, total cholesterol, use of lipid-lowering medication, and the Townsend social deprivation score, with interaction terms between each variable and sex. Analyses for levels of HbA_1c were additionally adjusted for the use of glucose-lowering medication. No previously diagnosed diabetes includes participants categorized as having no diabetes, prediabetes, and undiagnosed diabetes. HbA_1c 6.5% = 48 mmol/mol; HbA_1c 7.5% = 58 mmol/mol. Pre, prediabetes.

Multiple-adjusted HRs for MI according to baseline HbA_1c, stratified by women (A) and men (B). Penalized spline models with 4 df and reference HbA_1c set at 5.3% (34 mmol/mol). Analyses were adjusted for age, smoking, BMI, systolic blood pressure, antihypertensive medication, total cholesterol, use of lipid-lowering medication, Townsend social deprivation score, history of diabetes (no previously diagnosed diabetes, including prediabetes and undiagnosed diabetes), and the use of glucose-lowering medication. Shaded lines show 95% CIs. Vertical lines at HbA_1c 5.7% (39 mmol/mol) and 6.5% (48 mmol/mol) show the threshold for prediabetes (Pre) and diabetes, respectively.