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Original Research
Consequences of Comorbidity of Elevated Stress and/or Depressive Symptoms and Incident Cardiovascular Outcomes in Diabetes: Results From the REasons for the Geographic And Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) Study
Doyle M. Cummings, Kari Kirian, George Howard, Virginia Howard, Ya Yuan, Paul Muntner, Brett Kissela, Nicole Redmond, Suzanne E. Judd, Monika M. Safford
Diabetes Care 2015 Nov; dc151174. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc15-1174
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Abstract

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the impact of comorbid depressive symptoms and/or stress on adverse cardiovascular (CV) outcomes in individuals with diabetes compared with those without diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Investigators examined the relationship between baseline depressive symptoms and/or stress in adults with and without diabetes and physician-adjudicated incident CV outcomes including stroke, myocardial infarction/acute coronary heart disease, and CV death over a median follow-up of 5.95 years in the national REGARDS cohort study.

RESULTS Subjects included 22,003 adults (4,090 with diabetes) (mean age 64 years, 58% female, 42% black, and 56% living in the southeastern “Stroke Belt”). Elevated stress and/or depressive symptoms were more common in subjects with diabetes (36.8% vs. 29.5%; P < 0.001). In fully adjusted models, reporting either elevated stress or depressive symptoms was associated with a significantly increased incidence of stroke (HR 1.57 [95% CI 1.05, 2.33] vs. 1.01 [0.79, 1.30]) and CV death (1.53 [1.08, 2.17] vs. 1.12 [0.90, 1.38]) in subjects with diabetes but not in those without diabetes. The combination of both elevated stress and depressive symptoms in subjects with diabetes was associated with a higher incidence of CV death (2.15 [1.33, 3.47]) than either behavioral comorbidity alone (1.53 [1.08, 2.17]) and higher than in those with both elevated stress and depressive symptoms but without diabetes (1.27 [0.86, 1.88]).

CONCLUSIONS Comorbid stress and/or depressive symptoms are common in individuals with diabetes and together are associated with progressively increased risks for adverse CV outcomes.

  • Received June 2, 2015.
  • Accepted October 4, 2015.
  • © 2015 by the American Diabetes Association. Readers may use this article as long as the work is properly cited, the use is educational and not for profit, and the work is not altered.
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Diabetes Care: 44 (4)

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April 2021
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Consequences of Comorbidity of Elevated Stress and/or Depressive Symptoms and Incident Cardiovascular Outcomes in Diabetes: Results From the REasons for the Geographic And Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) Study
Doyle M. Cummings, Kari Kirian, George Howard, Virginia Howard, Ya Yuan, Paul Muntner, Brett Kissela, Nicole Redmond, Suzanne E. Judd, Monika M. Safford
Diabetes Care Nov 2015, dc151174; DOI: 10.2337/dc15-1174

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Consequences of Comorbidity of Elevated Stress and/or Depressive Symptoms and Incident Cardiovascular Outcomes in Diabetes: Results From the REasons for the Geographic And Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) Study
Doyle M. Cummings, Kari Kirian, George Howard, Virginia Howard, Ya Yuan, Paul Muntner, Brett Kissela, Nicole Redmond, Suzanne E. Judd, Monika M. Safford
Diabetes Care Nov 2015, dc151174; DOI: 10.2337/dc15-1174
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