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Original Research
Intranasal Glucagon for Treatment of Insulin-Induced Hypoglycemia in Adults With Type 1 Diabetes: A Randomized Crossover Noninferiority Study
Michael R. Rickels, Katrina J. Ruedy, Nicole C. Foster, Claude A. Piché, Hélène Dulude, Jennifer L. Sherr, William V. Tamborlane, Kathleen E. Bethin, Linda A. DiMeglio, R. Paul Wadwa, Andrew J. Ahmann, Michael J. Haller, Brandon M. Nathan, Santica M. Marcovina, Emmanouil Rampakakis, Linyan Meng, Roy W. Beck, for the T1D Exchange Intranasal Glucagon Investigators
Diabetes Care 2015 Dec; dc151498. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc15-1498
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Abstract

OBJECTIVE Treatment of severe hypoglycemia with loss of consciousness or seizure outside of the hospital setting is presently limited to intramuscular glucagon requiring reconstitution immediately prior to injection, a process prone to error or omission. A needle-free intranasal glucagon preparation was compared with intramuscular glucagon for treatment of insulin-induced hypoglycemia.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS At eight clinical centers, a randomized crossover noninferiority trial was conducted involving 75 adults with type 1 diabetes (mean age, 33 ± 12 years; median diabetes duration, 18 years) to compare intranasal (3 mg) versus intramuscular (1 mg) glucagon for treatment of hypoglycemia induced by intravenous insulin. Success was defined as an increase in plasma glucose to ≥70 mg/dL or ≥20 mg/dL from the glucose nadir within 30 min after receiving glucagon.

RESULTS Mean plasma glucose at time of glucagon administration was 48 ± 8 and 49 ± 8 mg/dL at the intranasal and intramuscular visits, respectively. Success criteria were met at all but one intranasal visit and at all intramuscular visits (98.7% vs. 100%; difference 1.3%, upper end of 1-sided 97.5% CI 4.0%). Mean time to success was 16 min for intranasal and 13 min for intramuscular (P < 0.001). Head/facial discomfort was reported during 25% of intranasal and 9% of intramuscular dosing visits; nausea (with or without vomiting) occurred with 35% and 38% of visits, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS Intranasal glucagon was highly effective in treating insulin-induced hypoglycemia in adults with type 1 diabetes. Although the trial was conducted in a controlled setting, the results are applicable to real-world management of severe hypoglycemia, which occurs owing to excessive therapeutic insulin relative to the impaired or absent endogenous glucagon response.

Footnotes

  • ↵* A complete list of participating investigators and coordinators is provided in the Supplementary Data.

  • Received July 9, 2015.
  • Accepted October 20, 2015.
  • © 2015 by the American Diabetes Association. Readers may use this article as long as the work is properly cited, the use is educational and not for profit, and the work is not altered.
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Diabetes Care: 44 (1)

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January 2021
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Intranasal Glucagon for Treatment of Insulin-Induced Hypoglycemia in Adults With Type 1 Diabetes: A Randomized Crossover Noninferiority Study
Michael R. Rickels, Katrina J. Ruedy, Nicole C. Foster, Claude A. Piché, Hélène Dulude, Jennifer L. Sherr, William V. Tamborlane, Kathleen E. Bethin, Linda A. DiMeglio, R. Paul Wadwa, Andrew J. Ahmann, Michael J. Haller, Brandon M. Nathan, Santica M. Marcovina, Emmanouil Rampakakis, Linyan Meng, Roy W. Beck, for the T1D Exchange Intranasal Glucagon Investigators
Diabetes Care Dec 2015, dc151498; DOI: 10.2337/dc15-1498

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Intranasal Glucagon for Treatment of Insulin-Induced Hypoglycemia in Adults With Type 1 Diabetes: A Randomized Crossover Noninferiority Study
Michael R. Rickels, Katrina J. Ruedy, Nicole C. Foster, Claude A. Piché, Hélène Dulude, Jennifer L. Sherr, William V. Tamborlane, Kathleen E. Bethin, Linda A. DiMeglio, R. Paul Wadwa, Andrew J. Ahmann, Michael J. Haller, Brandon M. Nathan, Santica M. Marcovina, Emmanouil Rampakakis, Linyan Meng, Roy W. Beck, for the T1D Exchange Intranasal Glucagon Investigators
Diabetes Care Dec 2015, dc151498; DOI: 10.2337/dc15-1498
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© 2021 by the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care Print ISSN: 0149-5992, Online ISSN: 1935-5548.