PT  - JOURNAL ARTICLE
AU  - Azar, Madona
AU  - Basu, Arpita
AU  - Jenkins, Alicia J.
AU  - Nankervis, Alison J.
AU  - Hanssen, Kristian F.
AU  - Scholz, Hanne
AU  - Henriksen, Tore
AU  - Garg, Satish K.
AU  - Hammad, Samar M.
AU  - Scardo, James A.
AU  - Aston, Christopher E.
AU  - Lyons, Timothy J.
TI  - Serum Carotenoids and Fat-Soluble Vitamins in Women With Type 1 Diabetes and Preeclampsia
AID  - 10.2337/dc10-2145
DP  - 2011 Jun 01
TA  - Diabetes Care
PG  - 1258--1264
VI  - 34
IP  - 6
4099  - http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/34/6/1258.short
4100  - http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/34/6/1258.full
SO  - Diabetes Care2011 Jun 01; 34
AB  - OBJECTIVE Increased oxidative stress and immune dysfunction are implicated in preeclampsia (PE) and may contribute to the two- to fourfold increase in PE prevalence among women with type 1 diabetes. Prospective measures of fat-soluble vitamins in diabetic pregnancy are therefore of interest.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Maternal serum carotenoids (α- and β-carotene, lycopene, and lutein) and vitamins A, D, and E (α- and γ-tocopherols) were measured at first (12.2 ± 1.9 weeks [mean ± SD], visit 1), second (21.6 ± 1.5 weeks, visit 2), and third (31.5 ± 1.7 weeks, visit 3) trimesters of pregnancy in 23 women with type 1 diabetes who subsequently developed PE (DM PE+) and 24 women with type 1 diabetes, matched for age, diabetes duration, HbA1c, and parity, who did not develop PE (DM PE−). Data were analyzed without and with adjustment for baseline differences in BMI, HDL cholesterol, and prandial status.RESULTS In unadjusted analysis, in DM PE+ versus DM PE−, α-carotene and β-carotene were 45 and 53% lower, respectively, at visit 3 (P < 0.05), before PE onset. In adjusted analyses, the difference in β-carotene at visit 3 remained significant. Most participants were vitamin D deficient (<20 ng/mL), and vitamin D levels were lower in DM PE+ versus DM PE− throughout the pregnancy, although this did not reach statistical significance.CONCLUSIONS In pregnant women with type 1 diabetes, low serum α- and β-carotene were associated with subsequent development of PE, and vitamin D deficiency may also be implicated.