Relationship between fasting glucose, proinsulin, and insulin concentrations and insulin resistance and β-cell function and birth weight and maternal characteristics in all 800 twins
| Birthweight | Maternal BMI before pregnancy | Maternal age at delivery | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| % Change per 100 g | 95% CI | P | % Change per 1 kg/m2 | 95% CI | P | % Change per 1 year | 95% CI | P | |||||||
| Fasting glucose | 0.0% | (−0.1 to 0.2%) | 0.74 | 0.2% | (−0.1 to 0.4%) | 0.17 | −0.1% | (−0.3 to 0.1%) | 0.22 | ||||||
| Fasting pro-insulin | −0.3% | (−1.5 to 1.2%) | 0.71 | −3.1% | (−5.1 to −1.1%) | 0.003 | 0.7% | (−0.7 to 2.1%) | 0.32 | ||||||
| Fasting insulin | −0.8% | (−1.6 to 0.1%) | 0.09 | −1.3% | (−2.6 to −0.1%) | 0.04* | 1.1% | (0.2 to 2.0%) | 0.012 | ||||||
| Insulin resistance (HOMA) | −0.6% | (−1.5 to 0.3%) | 0.20 | −1.3% | (−2.6 to 0.0%) | 0.05† | 0.9% | (0.0 to 1.8%) | 0.04 | ||||||
| β-Cell function (HOMA) | −1.0% | (−1.9 to −0.1%) | 0.04 | −2.1% | (−3.6 to −0.7%) | 0.005 | 1.4% | (0.4 to 2.4%) | 0.008 | ||||||
Data were adjusted for sex, gestational age, adult BMI, and age.
↵* Interaction with sex: P = 0.02; men: 0.1% change per 1 kg/m2, P = 0.82; women: −2.7% change per 1 kg/m2, P = 0.003.
↵† Interaction with sex: P = 0.03; men: 0.0% change per 1 kg/m2, P = 0.99; women: −2.5% change per 1 kg/m2, P = 0.005.