Characteristics and comparison of study population by type of diabetes
| Characteristic | Type 1 diabetes | Type 2 diabetes |
|---|---|---|
| N | 784 | 1,257 |
| Age (years) | 34.5 (25.4–44.1) | 57.6 (49.9–67.3) |
| Female sex | 430 (55) | 613 (49) |
| Race white | 705 (91) | 1,010 (81) |
| Education | ||
| Less than high school | 57 (7) | 123 (10) |
| High school graduate | 132 (17) | 316 (25) |
| Some college | 288 (37) | 371 (29) |
| College graduate | 183 (23) | 197 (16) |
| Any postgraduate work | 124 (16) | 250 (20) |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 25.7 (22.9–29.4) | 30.4 (26.2–36.0) |
| Duration in years | 20.3 (12.0–27.8) | 10.4 (4.0–17.2) |
| Diabetes treatment | ||
| None or diet | 0 (0) | 89 (7) |
| Oral medication | 0 (0) | 487 (39) |
| Insulin | 784 (100) | 681 (54) |
| Retinopathy status | ||
| Retinopathy | 199 (25) | 204 (16) |
| Blind in one eye | 62 (8) | 129 (10) |
| Blind in both eyes | 90 (11) | 135 (11) |
| Nephropathy status | ||
| Diabetic kidney disease | 184 (23) | 199 (16) |
| Dialysis | 18 (2) | 21 (2) |
| Transplant | 28 (4) | 16 (1) |
| Neuropathy status | ||
| Tingling and burning | 72 (9) | 192 (15) |
| Neuropathy | 208 (27) | 376 (30) |
| Sores | 57 (7) | 92 (7) |
| Amputation | 24 (3) | 37 (3) |
| Stroke status | ||
| TIA or stroke | 27 (3) | 107 (9) |
| Stroke with residual | 14 (2) | 57 (5) |
| Cardiovascular status | ||
| Angina | 22 (3) | 104 (8) |
| Myocardial infarction | 25 (3) | 140 (11) |
| Congestive heart failure | 28 (4) | 141 (11) |
| High blood pressure status | ||
| Not treated | 54 (7) | 102 (8) |
| Treated with medications | 222 (28) | 669 (53) |
| Cholesterol status | ||
| High cholesterol | 108 (14) | 276 (22) |
| Treated with medications | 133 (17) | 459 (37) |
Data are median (interquartile range) or frequency (%). Stroke with residual: stroke with any persistent difficulty speaking, any weakness, or difficulties performing daily activities or working. TIA, transient ischemic attack.