Table 3—

Independent risk factors associated with incidence of diabetes complications: Cox regression analysis, EDC

Model	Total n (events)	Risk factor	RR	95% CI
CDSP	307 (107)	Specialist care (high:low)	0.54	0.35–0.83*
		Diabetes duration (years)	1.3	1.0–1.6†
		HbA_1c (%)	1.6	1.3–2.0‡
		Height (cm)	1.0	1.0–1.0†
		AER (μg/min)	1.3	1.0–1.5†
		Hypertension (yes:no)	2.8	1.6–5.0‡
		Smoking (yes:no)	1.5	0.98–2.2
ON	339 (39)	Specialist care (high:low)	0.43	0.21–0.88†
		Diabetes duration (years)	0.79	0.54–1.1
		HbA_1c (%)	2.0	1.5–2.7‡
		HDL cholesterol (mg/dl)	0.71	0.49–1.0
		Hypertension (yes:no)	3.2	1.2–8.7†
PR	314 (112)	Specialist care (high:low)	1.1	0.79–1.8
		Diabetes duration (years)	1.0	0.87–1.4
		HbA_1c (%)	1.6	1.3–1.9‡
		AER (μg/min)	1.4	1.2–1.8‡
		Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)	1.2	1.0–1.3†
CAD	404 (67)	Specialist care (high:low)	0.65	0.37–1.1
		Diabetes duration (years)	2.2	1.6–2.9‡
		HDL cholesterol (mg/dl)	0.68	0.51–0.9*
		AER (μg/min)	1.5	1.2–1.9‡
LEAD	205 (57)	Specialist care (high:low)	0.95	0.53–1.7
		Diabetes duration (years)	1.3	0.96–1.8
		Alcohol (drinks/week)	0.69	0.46–1.0
		Hypertension (yes:no)	2.7	1.5–5.1*

Specialist care (>65%: ≤65%) and diabetes duration were included in all models.
*
↵* P < 0.01;
†
↵† P < 0.05;
‡
↵‡ P < 0.001. Additional risk factors were made available to the final models as follows: CDSP: Sex, HbA_1c, height, AER, hypertension, smoking; ON: HbA_1c, HDL cholesterol, hypertension; PR: HbA_1c, AER, systolic blood pressure; CAD: HDL cholesterol, AER; LEAD: alcohol consumption, HbA_1c, triglycerides, hypertension. All risk factors presented are those significant in the model at the P < 0.10 level. RRs are presented per 1 SD increase for the following continuous variables: diabetes duration = 7.5 years, HbA_1c = 1.8%, AER = 1.9 μg/min, HDL cholesterol = 12.5 mg/dl, alcohol = 7.3 drinks/week, systolic blood pressure = 7.3 mmHg, triglycerides = 0.5 mg/dl. RRs for height are reported per 1-cm increase.