Participant characteristics by age
| <13 years old | 13 to <18 years old | 18 to <26 years old | ≥26 years old | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CGM user | CGM nonuser | P | CGM user | CGM nonuser | P | CGM user | CGM nonuser | P | CGM user | CGM nonuser | P | |
| N | 278 | 4,749 | 179 | 4,676 | 157 | 2,612 | 999 | 3,667 | ||||
| Sex: female, n (%)*b | 143 (51) | 2,274 (48) | 0.25 | 92 (51) | 2,277 (49) | 0.48 | 92 (59) | 1,293 (50) | 0.03 | 566 (57) | 2,020 (55) | 0.38 |
| Race/ethnicity, n (%)*b | <0.001 | 0.31 | 0.18 | 0.03 | ||||||||
| White non-Hispanic | 249 (91) | 3,772 (80) | 150 (84) | 3,691 (79) | 136 (87) | 2,163 (83) | 936 (94) | 3,358 (92) | ||||
| Black non-Hispanic | 3 (1) | 261 (6) | 9 (5) | 259 (6) | 3 (2) | 107 (4) | 17 (2) | 113 (3) | ||||
| Hispanic or Latino | 17 (6) | 426 (9) | 16 (9) | 492 (11) | 9 (6) | 236 (9) | 19 (2) | 107 (3) | ||||
| Other | 9 (3) | 281 (6) | 4 (2) | 231 (5) | 9 (6) | 106 (4) | 27 (3) | 89 (2) | ||||
| Education level, n (%)*ac | <0.001 | <0.001 | N/A | <0.001 | ||||||||
| ≤High school/GED | 60 (22) | 2,008 (43) | 44 (25) | 2,114 (47) | N/A | N/A | 160 (21) | 1,228 (34) | ||||
| Associate's or bachelor's | 99 (36) | 1,565 (33) | 57 (33) | 1,320 (29) | N/A | N/A | 319 (41) | 1,554 (43) | ||||
| Master’s, professional, doctorate | 113 (42) | 1,099 (24) | 72 (42) | 1,058 (24) | N/A | N/A | 298 (38) | 831 (23) | ||||
| Household income (USD), n (%)*a | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.32 | <0.001 | ||||||||
| <35,000 | 13 (6) | 765 (19) | 9 (7) | 648 (19) | 23 (21) | 456 (27) | 54 (6) | 634 (21) | ||||
| 35,000 to <75,000 | 59 (27) | 1,135 (29) | 18 (15) | 891 (26) | 28 (25) | 458 (27) | 221 (26) | 979 (32) | ||||
| ≥75,000 | 150 (68) | 2,042 (52) | 94 (78) | 1,835 (54) | 59 (54) | 772 (46) | 583 (68) | 1,418 (47) | ||||
| Insurance status, n (%)*b | <0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||||
| Private insurance | 246 (90) | 2,927 (74) | 146 (87) | 3,179 (74) | 130 (91) | 1,722 (78) | 887 (90) | 2,784 (78) | ||||
| Other insurance | 27 (10) | 1,020 (26) | 21 (13) | 1,063 (25) | 12 (8) | 447 (20) | 97 (10) | 710 (20) | ||||
| No insurance | 0 | 16 (<1) | 1 (<1) | 31 (<1) | 1 (<1) | 43 (2) | 2 (<1) | 88 (2) | ||||
| Duration of type 1 diabetes (years)a | 0.004 | 0.001 | 0.02 | 0.009 | ||||||||
| Median (25th, 75th percentile) | 4 (2, 6) | 3 (1, 5) | 7 (4, 11) | 6 (3, 9) | 11 (7, 14) | 9.5 (6, 14) | 25 (16, 35) | 24 (15, 34) | ||||
| n (%) | ||||||||||||
| <1 | 3 (1) | 164 (3) | 4 (2) | 74 (2) | 1 (<1) | 10 (<1) | 1 (<1) | 10 (<1) | ||||
| 1 to <10 | 262 (94) | 4,452 (94) | 123 (72) | 3,513 (75) | 65 (41) | 1,296 (50) | 113 (11) | 540 (15) | ||||
| 10 to <20 | 13 (5) | 133 (3) | 52 (26) | 1,089 (23) | 85 (54) | 1,223 (47) | 218 (22) | 854 (23) | ||||
| 20 to <50 | 6 (4) | 83 (3) | 624 (62) | 2,093 (57) | ||||||||
| ≥50 years | 43 (4) | 170 (5) | ||||||||||
| Insulin delivery method, n (%)*b | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||||
| Pump | 240 (88) | 2,740 (58) | 155 (89) | 2,558 (55) | 25 (16) | 1,383 (54) | 828 (84) | 2,073 (57) | ||||
| Injections | 34 (12) | 1,961 (42) | 19 (11) | 2,063 (45) | 131 (84) | 1,202 (46) | 162 (16) | 1,545 (43) | ||||
↵*Two transgenders in cohort; 9 missing race/ethnicity; 1,122 missing education level; 3,870 missing annual household income; 1,037 missing insurance status; 195 were excluded from insulin delivery method, since they were reportedly using both pump and injections.
↵aP value from Wilcoxon rank sum test. Ordinal income and education variables were analyzed using Mantel-Haenszel statistics.
↵bP value from χ2 test
↵cHighest education level of participant or parent (if <18 years old). Not reported for participants 18 to <26 years old, since it was not an accurate representation of socioeconomic status for this age-group.