Patient characteristics and laboratory data in subgroups defined by UAE
| Group A | Group B | Group C | |
|---|---|---|---|
| n | 45 | 32 | 28 |
| Sex (women/men) | 20 (44.4)/25 (55.6) | 15 (46.9)/17 (53.1) | 16 (57.1)/12 (42.9) |
| Age (years) | 58.1 ± 13.2 | 57.9 ± 11.7 | 60.3 ± 12.2 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23.8 ± 4.63 | 25.0 ± 5.12 | 25.0 ± 4.62 |
| Duration of diabetes (years) | 9.8 ± 7.9 | 10.1 ± 6.7 | 11.1 ± 7.6 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 115 ± 11.8 | 125 ± 12.3† | 135 ± 14.9‡ |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 67.6 ± 9.0 | 70.0 ± 9.3 | 74.7 ± 10.3† |
| Fasting plasma glucose (mmol/l) | 9.99 ± 3.01 | 10.6 ± 3.28 | 8.68 ± 3.23 |
| HbA1c (%) | 10.4 ± 1.81 | 9.89 ± 1.49 | 8.86 ± 2.03†§ |
| Ccr (ml/min) | 93.9 ± 25.1 | 79.6 ± 26.1* | 38.1 ± 19.8‡ |
| Fasting insulin (μU/ml) | 5.85 (3.75–9.50) | 6.90 (3.80–9.40) | 5.05 (2.85–9.90) |
| HOMA-IR | 2.27 (1.29–4.23) | 3.13 (1.52–4.96) | 1.50 (1.18–3.58) |
| Serum adiponectin (μg/ml) | 7.42 ± 4.89 | 7.70 ± 4.68 | 14.7 ± 8.98‡# |
| 24-h low-frequency power (ln · ms2) | 10.9 ± 1.54 | 10.7 ± 1.28 | 10.1 ± 1.39 |
| 24-h high-frequency power (ln · ms2) | 10.7 ± 1.29 | 10.7 ± 1.22 | 10.3 ± 1.27 |
| 24-h LF-to-HF ratio | 4.40 (2.59–7.69) | 4.03 (2.27–6.14) | 3.0 (1.23–3.53)† |
| Hypertension | 15 (33.3%) | 13 (40.6%) | 17 (60.7%)* |
| Antihypertensive treatment | 14 (31.1%) | 12 (37.5%) | 17 (60.7%)* |
| Treatment (D/OHA/Ins) | 4 (8.9)/36 (80)/5 (11.1) 4 | 4 (125)/24 (75.0)/4 (12.5) | 4 (14.3)/20 (71.4)/4 (14.3) |
Data are n (%), means ± SD, or median (interquartile range). Group A, UAE <30 mg/24 h; group B, UAE 30–299 mg/24 h; group C, UAE >300 mg/24 h.
↵* P < 0.05,
↵† P < 0.01, and
↵‡ P < 0.001 vs. group A;
↵§ P < 0.05,
¶P < 0.01, and
↵# P < 0.001 vs. group B. D, diet alone; OHA, oral hypoglycemic agents; Ins, insulin.