Factors associated with diabetes-related LEA
| Case patients | Control subjects | Univariate OR (95% CI) | P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | 205 | 104 | ||
| Sex (male/female) | 44.9 (92/205) | 34.5 (67/194) | 1.54 (1.03–2.31) | 0.035 |
| Age (years) | 70.3 ± 0.90 (205/205) | 69.6 (0.87) (194/194) | 1.01 (0.99–1.02) | 0.57 |
| Marital status (single/spouse) | 71.2 (146/205) | 50.0 (97/194) | 2.47 (1.64–3.74) | <0.0001 |
| Occupation (professional/nonprofessional) | 7.4 (15/204) | 11.3 (22/194) | 0.62 (0.31–1.23) | 0.17 |
| Monthly household income (<$500 U.S.) | 45.7 (58/127) | 31.4 (48/153) | 1.84 (1.13–3.00) | 0.0145 |
| Vehicle ownership (yes/no) | 45.6 (93/204) | 55.2 (107/194) | 0.68 (0.46–1.01) | 0.057 |
| Hypertension history (yes/no) | 64.9 (133/205) | 63.4 (123/194) | 1.07 (0.70–1.64) | 0.75 |
| Stroke history (yes/no) | 17.1 (35/205) | 7.2 (14/194) | 2.65 (1.38–5.09) | 0.0036 |
| Diabetes duration (years) | 17.8 ± 0.84 (173/205) | 11.9 ± 0.74 (177/194) | 1.06 (1.03–1.08) | <0.0001 |
| Usual treatment with insulin use (yes/no) | 26.5 (54/204) | 10.3 (20/194) | 3.13 (1.79–5.47) | 0.0001 |
| Smoker (yes/no) | 18.0 (37/205) | 17.5 (34/194) | 1.04 (0.62–1.73) | 0.89 |
| Foot inspection advice (yes/no) | 78.3 (159/203) | 82.0 (159/194) | 0.80 (0.48–1.31) | 0.37 |
| Foot exam by a medic (yes/no) | 96.1 (197/205) | 98.4 (190/193) | 0.39 (0.10–1.49) | 0.17 |
| Daily foot self-exam (yes/no) | 71.9 (146/203) | 86.5 (167/193) | 0.40 (0.24–0.67) | 0.0005 |
| Blood glucose monitoring (yes/no) | 17.9 (36/201) | 25.0 (48/192) | 0.65 (0.40–1.06) | 0.088 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 25.6 ± 0.61 (117/205) | 26.8 ± 0.36 (194/194) | 0.96 (0.92–1.004) | 0.075 |
| Pulse rate (per min) | 88.1 ± 1.2 (195/205) | 77.2 ± 0.83 (194/194) | 1.06 (1.04–1.08) | <0.001 |
| Sitting SBP (mmHg) | 131.6 ± 1.45 (191/205) | 145.4 ± 1.43 (194/194) | 0.97 (0.96–0.98) | <0.001 |
| Claudication (yes/no) | 30.6 (52/170) | 16.2 (23/142) | 2.28 (1.31–3.96) | 0.0035 |
| Absent foot pulses (yes/no) | 84.1 (138/164) | 21.6 (42/194) | 19.2 (11.2–33.0) | <0.0001 |
| ABI (low/normal) | 42.8 (71/166) | 16.1 (31/192) | 3.88 (2.37–6.35) | <0.0001 |
| Composite PVD index positive | 94.1 (160/170) | 60.0 (75/159) | 17.9 (8.80–29.48) | <0.0001 |
| Ever foot ulcer (yes/no) | 61.0 (125/205) | 1.0 (2/194) | 149.4 (36.2–617.1) | <0.0001 |
| Current limb infection (yes/no) | 26.6 (54/203) | 1.0 (2/194) | 34.5 (8.32–143.22) | <0.001 |
| Callus (yes/no) | 33.2 (67/202) | 17.5 (34/194) | 2.34 (1.46–3.74) | 0.0004 |
| Absent lower-limb reflexes (yes/no) | 65.8 (104/158) | 41.3 (78/189) | 2.74 (1.77–4.25) | <0.0001 |
| VPT right malleolus (volts) | 2.0 ± 1.46 (113/205) | 23.0 ± 0.76 (192/194) | 1.07 (1.05–1.10) | <0.001 |
| Monofilament insensitivity (yes/no) | 94.1 (111/118) | 33.2 (64/193) | 31.9 (14.06–72.48) | <0.0001 |
| GHb | 11.1 (0.27) | 9.1 (0.19) | 1.24 (1.15–1.34) | <0.001 |
Data are means ± SE or % (n), unless otherwise indicated. ABI, ankle brachial index; VPT, vibration perception threshold.