Clinical and echocardiographic data in diabetic patients and control subjects
| DMN group | DMHT group | Control group | DMN vs. control | DMHT vs. control | DMN vs. DMHT | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | 27 | 36 | 33 | — | — | — |
| Age (years) | 58.5 ± 11.3 | 56.6 ± 9.9 | 58.2 ± 7.9 | NS | NS | NS |
| Male sex | 14 (52) | 21 (58) | 17 (51) | NS | NS | NS |
| Duration of diabetes (years) | 10.1 ± 7.3 | 9.3 ± 5.9 | — | — | — | NS |
| Type of diabetes (type 1/type 2) | 3/24 | 4/32 | — | — | — | NS |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 128.2 ± 12.3 | 163.5 ± 16.2 | 125.7 ± 11.1 | NS | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 76.5 ± 5.9 | 95.0 ± 8.3 | 74.3 ± 7.1 | NS | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 26.6 ± 4.6 | 28.3 ± 3.3 | 26.5 ± 3.9 | NS | NS | NS |
| Fasting plasma glucose (mmol/l) | 8.0 ± 2.4 | 8.3 ± 2.2 | 4.7 ± 0.47 | 0.001 | 0.001 | NS |
| HbA1c(%) | 7.5 ± 1.9 | 7.7 ± 1.8 | — | — | — | NS |
| Diabetic retinopathy | 9 (33) | 13 (36) | — | — | — | NS |
| Microalbuminuria/proteinuria | 6 (22) | 9 (25) | — | — | — | NS |
| Insulin | 11 (41) | 16 (44) | 0 (0) | — | — | NS |
| Sulfonylureas | 14 (52) | 20 (56) | 0 (0) | — | — | NS |
| Metformin | 6 (22) | 10 (28) | 0 (0) | — | — | NS |
| Left ventricular ejection fraction (%) | 66.2 ± 6.4 | 67.1 ± 7.6 | 66.2 ± 9.2 | NS | NS | NS |
| Right ventricular end-diastolic dimension (mm) | 20.8 ± 2.9 | 21.3 ± 2.7 | 20.9 ± 3.0 | NS | NS | NS |
| Right ventricular free wall thickness (mm) | 3.8 ± 0.8 | 4.0 ± 1.0 | 3.7 ± 0.7 | NS | NS | NS |
| TPSE (mm) | 19.7 ± 3.1 | 20.1 ± 3.2 | 19.8 ± 2.7 | NS | NS | NS |
| Right ventricular E-to-A ratio | 1.17 ± 0.25 | 1.14 ± 0.17 | 1.19 ± 0.18 | NS | NS | NS |
| Right ventricular IRT (ms) | 54.3 ± 17.3 | 54.1 ± 19.2 | 43.2 ± 15.5 | 0.03 | 0.02 | NS |
| Right ventricular basal segment Sm (cm/s) | 11.8 ± 0.91 | 12.3 ± 2.34 | 12.2 ± 1.63 | NS | NS | NS |
| Right ventricular basal segment Em (cm/s) | 9.1 ± 1.91 | 8.8 ± 1.84 | 10.5 ± 1.95 | 0.007 | 0.003 | NS |
| Right ventricular basal segment Em-to-Amratio | 0.80 ± 0.20 | 0.79 ± 0.17 | 0.91 ± 0.22 | 0.05 | 0.02 | NS |
| Right ventricular basal segment IRTm (ms) | 40.6 ± 12.8 | 41.7 ± 14.6 | 37.7 ± 12.9 | NS | NS | NS |
| Right ventricular mid-segment Sm (cm/s) | 9.5 ± 1.5 | 9.6 ± 2.0 | 9.7 ± 1.73 | NS | NS | NS |
| Right ventricular mid-segment Em (cm/s) | 7.8 ± 1.49 | 7.7 ± 1.60 | 8.9 ± 1.84 | 0.01 | 0.007 | NS |
| Right ventricular mid-segment Em-to-Am ratio | 0.87 ± 0.20 | 0.88 ± 0.18 | 0.97 ± 0.19 | 0.04 | 0.04 | NS |
| Right ventricular mid-segment IRTm (ms) | 50.8 ± 14.4 | 50.2 ± 12.3 | 42.3 ± 9.6 | 0.009 | 0.006 | NS |
Data are n (%) or means ± SD. E-to-A ratio, peak early–to–peak late diastolic velocity ratio; TPSE, tricuspid plane systolic excursion.