Maternal characteristics in pregnancies with serious adverse outcomes (perinatal death and/or congenital malformations) versus other pregnancies
| Serious adverse outcome | Others | P | |
|---|---|---|---|
| n | 93 | 1,125 | |
| Age (years) | 28 (25–31) | 29 (26–32) | 0.49 |
| Preconceptional BMI (kg/m2) | 22.1 (19.4–24.2) | 23.0 (21.4–25.3) | 0.01 |
| Diabetes duration (years) | 12 (6–18) | 12 (5–19) | 0.75 |
| Daily blood glucose monitoring at conception | 18 (22.5%) | 363 (34.6%) | 0.019 |
| Preconceptional guidance | 38 (42.7%) | 631 (59.2%) | 0.002 |
| HbA1c 0–3 months prior to conception (%) | 8.0 (7.3–9.1) | 7.6 (6.8–8.5) | 0.005 |
| HbA1c during first trimester (%) | 7.6 (6.6–8.6) | 7.3 (6.6–8.1) | 0.037 |
| HbA1c during second trimester (%) | 6.9 (6.2–8.0) | 6.6 (6.0–7.3) | 0.012 |
| HbA1c during third trimester (%) | 7.1 (6.5–7.9) | 6.7 (6.2–7.4) | <0.001 |
| Retinopathy* | 5 (5.8%) | 78 (7.3%) | 0.58 |
| Nephropathy† | 8 (9.0%) | 70 (6.4%) | 0.34 |
| Hypertension‡ | 6 (6.7%) | 53 (4.8%) | 0.45 |
| Pre-eclampsia§ | 15 (18.1%) | 205 (18.1%) | 1.0 |
| Large for gestational age infant‖ | 48 (57.1%) | 713 (62.9%) | 0.30 |
Data are median (interquartile range) or n (%). For some of the variables, the total number is <1,218 due to missing values.
↵* Proliferative retinopathy;
↵† nephropathy (urine albumin excretion >300 mg/24 h or >200 μg/min);
↵‡ hypertension (pharmacological treatment) before pregnancy and/or during first trimester;
↵§ blood pressure ≥140/90 mmHg and proteinuria;
↵‖ birth weight ≥90th centile.