Adjusted* RR of type 2 diabetes between quartiles of energy-adjusted intake of antioxidants
| Quartile of intake | P for trend | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 Referent | 2 | 3 | 4 | |||||
| Vitamin E (α-tocopherol equivalents mg/day) | <5.51 | 5.51–6.26 | 6.27–7.31 | >7.31 | ||||
| Cases/persons at risk | 128/1,076 | 93/1,076 | 82/1,076 | 80/1,076 | ||||
| RR (95% CI) | 1 | 0.79 (0.60–1.04) | 0.78 (0.58–1.06) | 0.69 (0.51–0.94) | 0.02 | |||
| α-Tocopherol (mg/day) | <4.66 | 4.66–5.30 | 5.31–6.20 | >6.20 | ||||
| Cases/persons at risk | 129/1,076 | 89/1,076 | 84/1,076 | 81/1,076 | ||||
| RR (95% CI) | 1 | 0.72 (0.54–0.96) | 0.80 (0.59–1.08) | 0.66 (0.49–0.90) | 0.02 | |||
| β-Tocopherol (mg/day) | <0.38 | 0.38–0.49 | 0.50–0.64 | >0.64 | ||||
| Cases/persons at risk | 110/1,076 | 92/1,076 | 106/1,076 | 75/1,076 | ||||
| RR (95% CI) | 1 | 0.97 (0.73–1.29) | 1.09 (0.82–1.43) | 0.76 (0.56–1.03) | 0.18 | |||
| γ-Tocopherol (mg/day) | <0.79 | 0.79–1.23 | 1.24–2.06 | >2.06 | ||||
| Cases/persons at risk | 111/1,076 | 99/1,076 | 80/1,076 | 93/1,076 | ||||
| RR (95% CI) | 1 | 0.91 (0.69–1.20) | 0.75 (0.56–1.01) | 0.77 (0.57–1.03) | 0.04 | |||
| δ-Tocopherol (mg/day) | <0.09 | 0.09–0.15 | 0.16–0.28 | >0.28 | ||||
| Cases/persons at risk | 113/1,076 | 99/1,076 | 86/1,076 | 85/1,076 | ||||
| RR (95% CI) | 1 | 0.85 (0.64–1.13) | 0.81 (0.60–1.08) | 0.69 (0.51–0.93) | 0.02 | |||
| α-Tocotrienol (mg/day) | <1.07 | 1.07–1.54 | 1.55–2.05 | >2.05 | ||||
| Cases/persons at risk | 111/1,076 | 100/1,076 | 88/1,076 | 84/1,076 | ||||
| RR (95% CI) | 1 | 0.95 (0.72–1.25) | 0.91 (0.68–1.21) | 0.91 (0.67–1.23) | 0.47 | |||
| β-Tocotrienol (mg/day) | <1.69 | 1.69–2.15 | 2.16–2.67 | >2.67 | ||||
| Cases/persons at risk | 110/1,076 | 106/1,076 | 86/1,076 | 81/1,076 | ||||
| RR (95% CI) | 1 | 0.97 (0.74–1.28) | 0.77 (0.58–1.03) | 0.76 (0.56–1.03) | 0.03 | |||
| γ-Tocotrienol (mg/day) | <0.04 | 0.04–0.07 | 0.08–0.12 | >0.12 | ||||
| Cases/persons at risk | 96/1,076 | 107/1,076 | 92/1,076 | 88/1,076 | ||||
| RR (95% CI) | 1 | 0.95 (0.72–1.26) | 0.88 (0.65–1.18) | 0.79 (0.59–1.07) | 0.11 | |||
| δ-Tocotrienol (mg/day) | <0.002 | 0.002–0.006 | 0.007–0.01 | >0.01 | ||||
| Cases/persons at risk | 105/1,076 | 110/1,076 | 76/1,076 | 92/1,076 | ||||
| RR (95% CI) | 1 | 1.01 (0.77–1.32) | 0.69 (0.51–0.93) | 0.84 (0.63–1.13) | 0.06 | |||
| Vitamin C (mg/day) | <49.7 | 49.7–66.2 | 66.3–87.9 | >87.9 | ||||
| Cases/persons at risk | 96/1,057 | 96/1,063 | 87/1,061 | 98/1,068 | ||||
| RR (95% CI) | 1 | 0.97 (0.73–1.29) | 0.91 (0.68–1.22) | 0.97 (0.72–1.32) | 0.77 | |||
| Total carotenoids (μg/day)† | <1,862 | 1,863–2,865 | 2,867–4,519 | >4,519 | ||||
| Cases/persons at risk | 112/1,062 | 74/1,064 | 110/1,062 | 81/1,061 | ||||
| RR (95% CI) | 1 | 0.71 (0.53–0.96) | 0.97 (0.74–1.27) | 0.71 (0.52–0.96) | 0.07 | |||
| α-Carotene (μg/day) | <9.4 | 9.4–34.4 | 34.5–103 | >103 | ||||
| Cases/persons at risk | 86/1,058 | 102/1,067 | 97/1,062 | 92/1,062 | ||||
| RR (95% CI) | 1 | 1.11 (0.83–1.49) | 1.02 (0.75–1.38) | 0.94 (0.69–1.28) | 0.55 | |||
| β-Carotene (μg/day) | <698 | 698–1,104 | 1,105–2,121 | >2,121 | ||||
| Cases/persons at risk | 100/1,060 | 83/1,064 | 114/1,063 | 80/1,062 | ||||
| RR (95% CI) | 1 | 0.83 (0.62–1.11) | 1.14 (0.87–1.51) | 0.74 (0.54–1.01) | 0.25 | |||
| γ-Carotene (μg/day) | <6.3 | 6.4–28.5 | 28.6–60.3 | >60.3 | ||||
| Cases/persons at risk | 109/1,057 | 86/1,070 | 93/1,066 | 89/1,056 | ||||
| RR (95% CI) | 1 | 0.78 (0.59–1.04) | 0.88 (0.67–1.18) | 0.82 (0.61–1.10) | 0.29 | |||
| Lycopene (μg/day) | <112 | 113–494 | 495–1,064 | >1,064 | ||||
| Cases/persons at risk | 110/1,058 | 86/1,068 | 93/1,067 | 88/1,056 | ||||
| RR (95% CI) | 1 | 0.79 (0.59–1.05) | 0.86 (0.65–1.14) | 0.81 (0.60–1.09) | 0.23 | |||
| β-Cryptoxanthin (μg/day) | <0.24 | 0.24–1.36 | 1.37–4.18 | >4.18 | ||||
| Cases/persons at risk | 134/1,056 | 75/1,062 | 80/1,062 | 88/1,069 | ||||
| RR (95% CI) | 1 | 0.54 (0.40–0.73) | 0.57 (0.43–0.76) | 0.58 (0.44–0.78) | <0.001 | |||
| Lutein + zeaxanthin (μg/day) | <749 | 749–935 | 936–1,156 | >1,156 | ||||
| Cases/persons at risk | 112/1,057 | 92/1,064 | 96/1,065 | 77/1,063 | ||||
| RR (95% CI) | 1 | 0.91 (0.69–1.21) | 0.95 (0.71–1.26) | 0.74 (0.55–1.01) | 0.09 | |||