Depression and demographic characteristics by depression grouping
| Variables | Total sample | No depression | Minor depression | Major depression | Overall test statistics | Minor vs. none | Major vs. none | Major vs. minor |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| χ2 (df = 2) | χ2 (df = 1) | χ2 (df = 1) | χ2 (df = 1) | |||||
| n | 4,154 | 3,303 (79.5) | 354 (8.5) | 497 (12.0) | ||||
| Female | 2,023 (48.7) | 1,555 (47.1) | 178 (50.3) | 290 (58.4) | <0.0001 | 0.2512 | <0.0001 | 0.0197 |
| High school or less | 1,040 (25.0) | 794 (24.0) | 112 (31.6) | 134 (27.0) | 0.0056 | 0.0016 | 0.1380 | 0.1233 |
| Unmarried and not living as married | 1,396 (33.7) | 1,061 (32.2) | 128 (36.2) | 207 (41.7) | 0.0001 | 0.1282 | <0.0001 | 0.1010 |
| Employment (full or part time) | 1,661 (41.1) | 1,323 (41.0) | 125 (36.8) | 213 (45.0) | 0.0920 | 0.1317 | 0.0953 | 0.0183 |
| Race | ||||||||
| Caucasian | 3,294 (79.3) | 2,639 (79.9) | 262 (74.0) | 393 (79.1) | 0.0021 | 0.0136 | 0.0072 | |
| African American | 350 (8.4) | 265 (8.0) | 35 (9.9) | 50 (10.1) | 0.1077 | |||
| Asian | 393 (9.5) | 320 (9.7) | 40 (11.3) | 33 (6.6) | ||||
| Other | 117 (2.8) | 79 (2.4) | 17 (4.8) | 21 (4.2) | ||||
| Age (years) | 64.2 ± 12.6 | 64.8 ± 12.3 | 64.7 ± 13.3 | 59.5 (13.0) | <0.0001 | 0.8580 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| RxRisk score | 0.0083 | 0.0172 | 0.0409 | |||||
| <1,300 | 798 (19.2) | 628 (19.0) | 74 (20.9) | 96 (19.3) | ||||
| 1,300 to 2,599 | 1,066 (25.7) | 874 (26.5) | 69 (19.5) | 123 (24.8) | 0.2637 | |||
| 2,600 to 4,399 | 1,122 (27.0) | 910 (27.6) | 96 (27.1) | 116 (23.3) | ||||
| ≥4,400 | 1,168 (28.1) | 891 (27.0) | 115 (32.5) | 162 (32.6) | ||||
| Diabetes complications | <0.0001 | 0.0001 | <0.0001 | |||||
| <2 | 2,638 (63.5) | 2,166 (65.6) | 196 (55.4) | 276 (55.5) | 0.9617 | |||
| ≥2 | 1,516 (36.5) | 1,137 (34.4) | 158 (44.6) | 221 (44.5) | ||||
| A1C level groups | <0.0001 | 0.2033 | <0.0001 | |||||
| <8.00% | 2,607 (63.8) | 2,129 (65.5) | 216 (62.1) | 262 (54.0) | 0.0205 | |||
| ≥8.00% | 1,477 (36.2) | 1,122 (34.5) | 132 (37.9) | 223 (46.0) | ||||
| BMI | 2,031 (49.6) | 1,714 (52.6) | 157 (45.1) | 160 (32.7) | <0.0001 | 0.0076 | <0.0001 | 0.0003 |
| ≤30.0 kg/m2 | 2,062 (50.4) | 1,542 (47.4) | 191 (54.9) | 329 (67.3) | ||||
| >30.0 kg/m2 | ||||||||
| Smoking currently | 345 (8.4) | 232 (7.1) | 37 (10.6) | 76 (15.6) | <0.0001 | 0.0182 | <0.0001 | 0.0394 |
| Treatment intensity | ||||||||
| None or diet | 1,104 (26.6) | 931 (28.2) | 81 (22.9) | 92 (18.5) | <0.0001 | 0.0011 | <0.0001 | 0.0475 |
| Oral hypoglycemic | 1,924 (46.3) | 1,567 (47.4) | 156 (44.1) | 201 (40.4) | ||||
| Insulin or insulin + oral hypoglycemic | 1,126 (27.1) | 805 (24.4) | 117 (33.1) | 204 (41.1) | ||||
| Exercise | ||||||||
| ≤1 day per week | 1,206 (29.5) | 841 (25.9) | 147 (42.0) | 218 (44.7) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.4417 |
| 2–7 days per week | 2,886 (70.5) | 2,413 (74.2) | 203 (58.0) | 270 (55.3) |
Data are means ± SD or n (%), unless otherwise indicated.