Characteristics of ODM, offspring of diabetic fathers, and control children
ODM | P* | Control children | P† | Offspring of diabetic fathers | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | 41 | 548 | 41 | ||
Mothers | |||||
Age (years) | 28.8 ± 4.6 | <0.001 | 23.5 ± 4.0 | 0.03 | 24.9 ± 4.1 |
Height (cm) | 153.6 ± 6.7 | 0.2 | 154.8 ± 5.4 | 0.4 | 154.0 ± 6.4 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 26.9 ± 4.1 | <0.001 | 23.3 ± 3.4 | 0.4 | 23.9 ± 3.7 |
Offspring | |||||
Birth | |||||
Gestational age (weeks) | 39.1 ± 1.2 | 0.8 | 39.0 ± 1.8 | 0.9 | 39.1 ± 1.2 |
Preterm births | 1 (2.9) | 0.2 | 46 (8.4) | 0.4 | 2 (4.9) |
Weight (g) | 3344 ± 421 | <0.001 | 2973 ± 408 | 0.05 | 2869 ± 305 |
SGA | 0 (0) | 0.02 | 64 (11.7) | 0.6 | 6 (14.6) |
Crown-heel length (cm) | 50.5 ± 2.3 | <0.001 | 49.2 ± 2.1 | 0.4 | 48.9 ± 1.9 |
Ponderal index (kg/m3) | 26.0 ± 2.5 | 0.01 | 24.9 ± 2.7 | 0.3 | 24.5 ± 1.8 |
MUAC (cm) | 11.3 ± 0.8 | <0.001 | 10.5 ± 0.9 | 0.03 | 10.2 ± 0.7 |
Triceps skinfold (mm) | 5.1 (4.6–6.1) | <0.001 | 4.2 (3.7–4.9) | 0.06 | 4.0 (3.6–4.4) |
Subscapular skinfold (mm) | 5.3 (4.7–6.2) | <0.001 | 4.4 (4.0–5.0) | 0.053 | 4.2 (3.8–4.6) |
1 year | |||||
Weight (kg) | 8.5 ± 1.2 | 0.8 | 8.4 ± 1.1 | 0.5 | 8.3 ± 1.0 |
Crown-heel length (cm) | 73.5 ± 2.5 | 0.6 | 73.3 ± 2.9 | 0.3 | 72.8 ± 2.6 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 15.6 ± 1.7 | 0.9 | 15.7 ± 1.4 | 0.9 | 15.6 ± 1.5 |
MUAC (cm) | 14.3 ± 1.1 | 0.2 | 14.1 ± 1.1 | 0.8 | 14.1 ± 1.3 |
Triceps skinfold (mm) | 7.8 (6.9–9.5) | 0.7 | 7.7 (6.8–8.9) | 0.995 | 7.8 (6.6–8.8) |
Subscapular skinfold (mm) | 6.5 (5.3–7.9) | 0.8 | 6.4 (5.5–7.3) | 0.7 | 6.4 (5.6–7.1) |
5 years | |||||
Weight (kg) | 15.8 ± 2.1 | 0.09 | 15.2 ± 2.0 | 0.96 | 15.2 ± 1.9 |
Crown-heel length (cm) | 106.0 ± 4.5 | 0.6 | 105.6 ± 4.4 | 0.6 | 106.0 ± 4.3 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 14.0 ± 1.2 | 0.03 | 13.6 ± 1.1 | 0.7 | 13.5 ± 1.0 |
MUAC (cm) | 15.9 ± 1.3 | 0.006 | 15.3 ± 1.2 | 0.96 | 15.3 ± 1.2 |
Triceps skinfold (mm) | 8.5 (6.7–10.3) | 0.01 | 7.7 (6.5–8.9) | 0.2 | 8.0 (7.1–8.9) |
Subscapular skinfold (mm) | 6.6 (5.2–8.3) | 0.01 | 5.9 (4.9–6.9) | 0.4 | 6.1 (5.1–7.1) |