Table 1—

Characteristics of ODM, offspring of diabetic fathers, and control children

	ODM	P*	Control children	P†	Offspring of diabetic fathers
n	41		548		41
Mothers
Age (years)	28.8 ± 4.6	<0.001	23.5 ± 4.0	0.03	24.9 ± 4.1
Height (cm)	153.6 ± 6.7	0.2	154.8 ± 5.4	0.4	154.0 ± 6.4
BMI (kg/m²)	26.9 ± 4.1	<0.001	23.3 ± 3.4	0.4	23.9 ± 3.7
Offspring
Birth
Gestational age (weeks)	39.1 ± 1.2	0.8	39.0 ± 1.8	0.9	39.1 ± 1.2
Preterm births	1 (2.9)	0.2	46 (8.4)	0.4	2 (4.9)
Weight (g)	3344 ± 421	<0.001	2973 ± 408	0.05	2869 ± 305
SGA	0 (0)	0.02	64 (11.7)	0.6	6 (14.6)
Crown-heel length (cm)	50.5 ± 2.3	<0.001	49.2 ± 2.1	0.4	48.9 ± 1.9
Ponderal index (kg/m³)	26.0 ± 2.5	0.01	24.9 ± 2.7	0.3	24.5 ± 1.8
MUAC (cm)	11.3 ± 0.8	<0.001	10.5 ± 0.9	0.03	10.2 ± 0.7
Triceps skinfold (mm)	5.1 (4.6–6.1)	<0.001	4.2 (3.7–4.9)	0.06	4.0 (3.6–4.4)
Subscapular skinfold (mm)	5.3 (4.7–6.2)	<0.001	4.4 (4.0–5.0)	0.053	4.2 (3.8–4.6)
1 year
Weight (kg)	8.5 ± 1.2	0.8	8.4 ± 1.1	0.5	8.3 ± 1.0
Crown-heel length (cm)	73.5 ± 2.5	0.6	73.3 ± 2.9	0.3	72.8 ± 2.6
BMI (kg/m²)	15.6 ± 1.7	0.9	15.7 ± 1.4	0.9	15.6 ± 1.5
MUAC (cm)	14.3 ± 1.1	0.2	14.1 ± 1.1	0.8	14.1 ± 1.3
Triceps skinfold (mm)	7.8 (6.9–9.5)	0.7	7.7 (6.8–8.9)	0.995	7.8 (6.6–8.8)
Subscapular skinfold (mm)	6.5 (5.3–7.9)	0.8	6.4 (5.5–7.3)	0.7	6.4 (5.6–7.1)
5 years
Weight (kg)	15.8 ± 2.1	0.09	15.2 ± 2.0	0.96	15.2 ± 1.9
Crown-heel length (cm)	106.0 ± 4.5	0.6	105.6 ± 4.4	0.6	106.0 ± 4.3
BMI (kg/m²)	14.0 ± 1.2	0.03	13.6 ± 1.1	0.7	13.5 ± 1.0
MUAC (cm)	15.9 ± 1.3	0.006	15.3 ± 1.2	0.96	15.3 ± 1.2
Triceps skinfold (mm)	8.5 (6.7–10.3)	0.01	7.7 (6.5–8.9)	0.2	8.0 (7.1–8.9)
Subscapular skinfold (mm)	6.6 (5.2–8.3)	0.01	5.9 (4.9–6.9)	0.4	6.1 (5.1–7.1)

Data are means ± SD, n (%), or geometric mean (interquartile range).
*
↵* P for the difference between ODM and control children;
†
↵† P for the difference between offspring of diabetic fathers and control children. MUAC, mid–upper arm circumference; SGA, small for gestational age.