Table 1—

Data used in the meta-analyses

Variable	Citation	Timing of samples	Intervention	n	Baseline	Postintervention	Change from baseline
Postprandial rise in glucose	Peters et al., 1989	baseline (fasted) = 0 mins, postintervention = postprandial 240 mins after meal start	Standard formula	10	NR	NR	1,900 ± 320 mg · l⁻¹ · 4 h⁻¹*
Postprandial rise in glucose					Diabetes-specific formula	10	NR	NR	−20 ± 330 mg · l⁻¹ · 4 h⁻¹*
	Sanz-Paris et al., 1998 (insulin)	baseline = 0 mins (fasted), postintervention = postprandial 120 mins after meal start	Standard formula	20	1,750 ± 480 mg/l*	2,560 ± 540 mg/l*	NR†
			Diabetes-specific formula	20	1,940 ± 560 mg/l*	2,160 ± 720 mg/l*	NR†
	Sanz-Paris et al., 1998 (sulphonyurea)		Standard formula	5	1,510 ± 200 mg/l*	1,900 ± 460 mg/l*	NR†
			Diabetes-specific formula	7	1,580 ± 290 mg/l*	2,030 ± 480 mg/l*	NR†
	del Carmen Crespillo et al., 2003	baseline = 0 mins (fasted), postintervention = postprandial 150 mins after meal start	Standard formula	11	NR	NR	184 ± 133 mg/l
			Diabetes-specific formula	11	NR	NR	−8 ± 99 mg/l
	Craig et al., 1998	Baseline = fasted, postintervention = postprandial, both after 3 months intervention	Standard formula	13	6.9 ± 0.6 mmol/l*	10.4 ± 1 mmol/l*	NR†
			Diabetes-specific formula	14	7.3 ± 0.4 mmol/l*	9 ± 1.3 mmol/l*	NR†
	McCargar et al., 1998	Baseline = fasted (premeal), postintervention = 2 h postprandial after 28 days intervention	Standard formula	16	NR	NR	1.6 ± 0.4 mmol/l*
			Diabetes-specific formula	16	NR	NR	1.1 ± 0.2 mmol/l*
	Mesejo et al., 2003	Baseline = on admission (study start), postintervention = postprandial after 14 days intervention	Standard formula	24	2,103 ± 630 mg/l	2,228 ± 471.2 mg/l	NR†
			Diabetes-specific formula	26	1,909 ± 450 mg/l	1,768 ± 440.1 mg/l	NR†
Peak blood glucose	Hofman et al., 2004	Baseline = 0 mins (fasted), postintervention = 6 h after meal start	Standard formula	12	NR	NR	4 ± 1.4 mmol/l
			Diabetes-specific formula	12	NR	NR	2.5 ± 1 mmol/l
	Hofman et al., 2004	Baseline = 0 mins (fasted), postintervention = 120 mins after meal start	Standard formula	10	NR	NR	4 ± 0.4 mmol/l*
			Diabetes-specific formula	10	NR	NR	2.3 ± 0.4 mmol/l*
Blood glucose AUC	Golay et al., 1995	IAUC (mmol/Lxh), 4 h	Standard formula	6	NR	NR	15.9 ± 2.3 mmol · l⁻¹ · h⁻¹*
			Diabetes-specific formula	6	NR	NR	8.9 ± 1.8 mmol · l⁻¹ · h⁻¹*
	Printz et al., 1997	AUC (mmol/l*min), over basal (0–180 mins)	Standard formula	10	NR	NR	893 ± 77 mmol · l⁻¹ · h⁻¹*
			Diabetes-specific formula	10	NR	NR	620 ± 64 mmol · l⁻¹ · h⁻¹*
	Hofman et al., 2004	iAUC (mmol/Lx min), 6 h	Standard formula	12	NR	NR	945 ± 474 mmol · l⁻¹ · min⁻¹
			Diabetes-specific formula	12	NR	NR	584 ± 322 mmol · l⁻¹ · h⁻¹
	Hofman et al., 2004	AUC (mmol/l/120mins) above baseline level	Standard formula	10	NR	NR	307 ± 29 mmol · l⁻¹ · 120 mins⁻¹*
			Diabetes-specific formula	10	NR	NR	168 ± 31 mmol · l⁻¹ · 120 mins⁻¹*
Fasting blood glucose	Craig et al., 1998	baseline = study start, postintervention = after 3 months intervention, all fasted	Standard formula	13	6.9 ± 0.6 mmol/l*	8.3 ± 1.7 mmol/l*	NR†
			Diabetes-specific formula	14	7.3 ± 0.4 mmol/l*	6.7 ± 0.7 mmol/l*	NR†
	McCargar et al., 1998	baseline = study start, postintervention = after 28 days intervention, all fasted	Standard formula	16	8.73 ± 0.46 mmol/l*	7.97 ± 0.53 mmol/l*	NR†
			Diabetes-specific formula	16	9.16 ± 0.59 mmol/l*	7.54 ± 0.37 mmol/l*	NR†
HDL	Craig et al., 1998	baseline = study start, postintervention = after 3 months intervention, all fasted	Standard formula	13	0.98 ± 0.05 mmol/l*	0.83 ± 0.05 mmol/l*	NR†
			Diabetes-specific formula	14	1.01 ± 0.05 mmol/l*	0.98 ± 0.05 mmol/l*	NR†
	McCargar et al., 1998	baseline = study start, postintervention = after 28 days intervention, probably fasted	Standard formula	16	1.37 ± 0.19 mmol/l*	1.08 ± 0.07 mmol/l*	NR†
			Diabetes-specific formula	16	1.5 ± 0.16 mmol/l*	1.2 ± 0.1 mmol/l*	NR†
Triglycerides	Peters et al., 1989	baseline = 0 mins (fasted), postintervention = 240 mins after meal start (postprandial)	Standard formula	10	0.54 ± 0.1 g/l*	0.75 ± 0.14 g/l*	NR†
			Diabetes-specific formula	10	0.54 ± 0.17 g/l*	1 ± 0.22 g/l*	NR†
	del Carmen Crespillo et al., 2003	baseline = 0 mins (fasted), postintervention = 150 mins after meal start (postprandial)	Standard formula	11	NR	NR	26 ± 42 mg/l
			Diabetes-specific formula	11	NR	NR	9 ± 88 mg/l
	Craig et al., 1998	baseline = study start, postintervention = after 3 months intervention, all fasted: measured as triacylglycerol.	Standard formula	13 14	0.9 ± 0.07 g/l†	1.06 ± 0.12 g/l†	NR†
			Diabetes-specific formula	14	0.97 ± 0.13 g/l†	0.91 ± 0.17 g/l†	NR†
	McCargar et al., 1998	baseline = study start, postintervention = after 28 days intervention, probably fasted	Standard formula	16	1.81 ± 0.27 mmol/l*	1.86 ± 0.28 mmol/l*	NR†
			Diabetes-specific formula	16	1.46 ± 0.29 mmol/l*	1.33 ± 0.24 mmol/l*	NR†
Change in total Cholesterol	Craig et al., 1998	baseline = study start, postintervention = after 3 months intervention, all fasted	Standard formula	13	4.21 ± 0.18 mmol/l*	3.96 ± 0.23 mmol/l*	NR†
			Diabetes-specific formula	14	4.16 ± 0.31 mmol/l*	3.95 ± 0.31 mmol/l*	NR†
	McCargar et al., 1998	Baseline = study start, postintervention = after 28 days intervention, probably fasted	Standard formula	16	5.06 ± 0.21 mmol/l*	4.58 ± 0.27 mmol/l*	NR†
			Diabetes-specific formula	16	5.24 ± 0.19 mmol/l*	5.05 ± 0.28 mmol/l*	NR†

*
↵* Data are means ± SD or *SE.
†
↵† Change from baseline data calculated by subtracting baseline from postintervention value and SD of the difference calculated by standard formulas SD(post-pre) = √[Var(post) + Var(pre) − Cov(pre,post)].
NR, not recorded.