Characteristics of study participants at baseline according to whether type 2 diabetes developed after the 4-year follow-up and multivariate model of the incidence of type 2 diabetes
| Total | Type 2 diabetes status after follow-up | Multivariate model* | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Not type 2 diabetes | Type 2 diabetes | Multiple-adjusted OR (95% CI) | P | ||||
| n | 8,576 | 7,698 | 878 | ||||
| Walk to work† | |||||||
| 0–10 min | 1,698 (19.8) | 1,508 (19.6) | 190 (21.6) | 1.00 | |||
| 11–20 min | 4,491 (52.4) | 4,028 (52.3) | 463 (52.7) | 0.86 (0.70–1.06) | 0.158 | ||
| ≥21 min | 2,387 (27.8) | 2,162 (28.1) | 225 (25.6) | 0.73 (0.58–0.92) | 0.007 | ||
| Age (years) | 47.8 ± 4.2 | 47.7 ± 4.1 | 48.7 ± 4.1 | ||||
| Age categories | |||||||
| 40–44 | 2,163 (25.2) | 1,993 (25.9) | 170 (19.4) | 1.00 | |||
| 45–49 | 3,055 (35.6) | 2,776 (36.1) | 279 (31.8) | 1.02 (0.81–1.27) | 0.899 | ||
| 50–55 | 3,358 (39.2) | 2,929 (38.0) | 429 (48.9) | 1.37 (1.11–1.70) | 0.003 | ||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23.4 ± 2.9 | 23.3 ± 2.8 | 24.6 ± 3.2 | 1.11 (1.08–1.14) | <0.001 | ||
| FPG (mg/dl) | 97.6 ± 9.5 | 96.3 ± 8.5 | 109.1 ± 9.8 | ||||
| FPG categories (mg/dl) | |||||||
| <100 | 5,348 (62.4) | 5,199 (67.5) | 149 (17.0) | 1.00 | |||
| 100–109 | 2,235 (26.1) | 1,969 (25.6) | 266 (30.3) | 4.51 (3.65–5.56) | <0.001 | ||
| 110–125 | 993 (11.6) | 530 (6.9) | 463 (52.7) | 28.01 (22.65–34.63) | <0.001 | ||
| Daily alcohol consumption (g ethanol) | 25.2 ± 21.9 | 25.1 ± 21.9 | 25.8 ± 22.3 | ||||
| Drinking habit categories (g ethanol) | |||||||
| Nondrinkers | 1,334 (15.6) | 1,192 (15.5) | 142 (16.2) | 1.00 | |||
| Tertile 1 (0.1–16.3) | 1,657 (19.3) | 1,493 (19.4) | 164 (18.7) | 0.94 (0.71–1.23) | 0.636 | ||
| Tertile 2 (16.4–42.6) | 3,002 (35.0) | 2,711 (35.2) | 291 (33.1) | 0.75 (0.59–0.95) | 0.018 | ||
| Tertile 3 (42.7–115.0) | 2,583 (30.1) | 2,302 (29.9) | 281 (32.0) | 0.83 (0.65–1.06) | 0.129 | ||
| Smoking habit | |||||||
| Lifelong nonsmokers | 1,841 (21.5) | 1,662 (21.6) | 179 (20.4) | 1.00 | |||
| Past smokers | 1,924 (22.4) | 1,710 (22.2) | 214 (24.4) | 1.07 (0.84–1.36) | 0.600 | ||
| Current smokers | 4,811 (56.1) | 4,326 (56.2) | 485 (55.2) | 1.36 (1.11–1.68) | 0.004 | ||
| Regular leisure-time physical exercise | |||||||
| No | 7,028 (81.9) | 6,296 (81.8) | 732 (83.4) | 1.00 | |||
| Yes | 1,548 (18.1) | 1,402 (18.2) | 146 (16.6) | 0.90 (0.72–1.11) | 0.317 | ||
| Parental history of diabetes | |||||||
| No | 7,472 (87.1) | 6,778 (88.0) | 694 (79.0) | 1.00 | |||
| Yes | 1,104 (12.9) | 920 (12.0) | 184 (21.0) | 1.65 (1.34–2.02) | <0.001 | ||
Data are means ± SD, n (%), or multiple-adjusted ORs (95% CI).
↵* In multiple logistic regression analysis, age, fasting plasma glucose level, and daily alcohol consumption showed a nonlinear association with the incidence of type 2 diabetes. Therefore, we fit the model by using these variables categorized for easy understanding.
↵† As only 5.5% of men reported a walk of ≥31 min, we combined them into the 21- to 30-min walk category.