Cardiopulmonary and metabolic data of participants during incremental maximal exercise
| CON-A | T1D-A | Main effect by ANOVA | CON-I | T1D-I | Main effect by ANOVA | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aerobic fitness | ||||||
| VO2max (mL · min−1 · kg−1) | 41.7 ± 6.9 | 39.6 ± 8.5 | — | 40.3 ± 7.3 | 34.6 ± 7.1* | — |
| MAP (W) | 222 ± 28 | 197 ± 30 | — | 224 ± 54 | 186 ± 46 | — |
| HRmax (bpm) | 189.4 ± 8.6 | 190.6 ± 11.5 | — | 189.2 ± 10.2 | 186.7 ± 11.9 | — |
| RERmax | 1.1 ± 0.1 | 1.1 ± 0.1 | — | 1.1 ± 0.1 | 1.2 ± 0.1 | — |
| Blood lactate max (mmol · L−1) | 11.9 ± 5.1 | 12.7 ± 2.6 | — | 12.9 ± 4.5 | 13.9 ± 2.3 | — |
| RPE at max | 19.0 ± 0.6 | 18.7 ± 0.8 | — | 18.8 ± 0.5 | 19.1 ± 0.7 | — |
| Factors possibly influencing prefrontal cortex hemodynamics and oxygenation | ||||||
| O2 arterial content | ||||||
| Pao2 (mmHg) | ||||||
| Rest | 97.8 ± 10.5 | 92.1 ± 4.3 | Exercise: P < 0.01 | 98.4 ± 5.4 | 90.2 ± 8.3 | Exercise: P < 0.01 |
| Group: NS | Group: NS | |||||
| Max | 110.8 ± 15.4† | 97.7 ± 4.9 | Interaction: NS | 105.6 ± 5.8† | 104.2 ± 15.6††† | Interaction: NS |
| Sao2 (%) | ||||||
| Rest | 98.1 ± 0.4 | 98.2 ± 1.0 | Exercise: P < 0.05 | 98.3 ± 0.8 | 98.3 ± 0.7 | Exercise: P < 0.01 |
| Group: NS | Group: NS | |||||
| Max | 97.3 ± 2.1 | 96.7 ± 1.3† | Interaction: NS | 97.2 ± 1.1† | 97.3 ± 0.7 | Interaction: NS |
| Hb (g · dL−1) | ||||||
| Rest | 15.0 ± 0.8 | 15.7 ± 1.1 | Exercise: P < 0.001 | 14.7 ± 1.6 | 14.8 ± 1.1 | Exercise: P < 0.01 |
| Group: P < 0.05 | Group: NS | |||||
| Max | 15.7 ± 1.1 | 17.7 ± 2.0 | Interaction: NS | 15.7 ± 1.9 | 15.9 ± 0.9† | Interaction: NS |
| Cao2 (mL · 100 mL−1) | ||||||
| Rest | 20.4 ± 1.1 | 21.5 ± 1.4 | Exercise: P = 0.07 | 20.1 ± 2.1 | 20.3 ± 1.5 | Exercise: P < 0.01 |
| Group: P < 0.05 | Group: NS | |||||
| Max | 21.5 ± 1.4 | 23.8 ± 2.6† | Interaction: NS | 21.2 ± 2.5 | 21.6 ± 1.8† | Interaction: NS |
| Exercise-influenced metabolic vasoactive stimuli | ||||||
| Paco2 (mmHg) | ||||||
| Rest | 39.0 ± 2.2 | 38.8 ± 2.4 | Exercise: P < 0.001 | 37.3 ± 3.9 | 39.4 ± 2.8 | Exercise: P < 0.001 |
| Group: NS | Group: NS | |||||
| Max | 28.3 ± 3.2††† | 29.6 ± 2.4††† | Interaction: NS | 30.7 ± 4.6††† | 31.9 ± 3.7††† | Interaction: NS |
| Arterial pH | ||||||
| Rest | 7.41 ± 0.02 | 7.39 ± 0.05 | Exercise: P < 0.001 | 7.43 ± 0.02 | 7.43 ± 0.01 | Exercise: P < 0.001 |
| Group: NS | Group: NS | |||||
| Max | 7.27 ± 0.07 | 7.25 ± 0.04 | Interaction: NS | 7.26 ± 0.08 | 7.27 ± 0.05 | Interaction: NS |
| [K+] (mmol · L−1) | ||||||
| Rest | 4.84 ± 0.36 | 5.15 ± 0.38 | Exercise: P < 0.01 | 4.80 ± 0.57 | 5.10 ± 0.91 | Exercise: P < 0.05 |
| Group: NS | Group: NS | |||||
| Max | 5.62 ± 0.61 | 6.61 ± 0.90 | Interaction: NS | 5.52 ± 1.11 | 5.49 ± 0.69 | Interaction: NS |
| Diabetes-influenced metabolic variables | ||||||
| Plasma glucose (mmol · L−1) | ||||||
| Rest | 5.4 ± 0.4 | 6.2 ± 1.8 | Exercise: P < 0.001 | 4.3 ± 1.4 | 7.5 ± 3.4 | Exercise: P < 0.001 |
| Group: NS | Group: P < 0.05 | |||||
| Max | 6.3 ± 0.8† | 6.8 ± 1.7 | Interaction: NS | 6.8 ± 1.4 | 9.1 ± 2.4††* | Interaction: NS |
| Serum free insulin (mIU · L−1) | ||||||
| Rest | 10.8 ± 5.6 | 34.3 ± 49.2 | Exercise: NS | 12.5 ± 9.8 | 31.7 ± 33.9 | Exercise: NS |
| Group: NS | Group: NS | |||||
| Max | 10.3 ± 4.3 | 35.5 ± 43.8 | Interaction: NS | 9.6 ± 6.8 | 43.4 ± 49.0 | Interaction: NS |
Data are mean ± SD unless otherwise indicated. Hb, hemoglobin; HR, heart rate; MAP, maximal aerobic power; Max, at exhaustion from the incremental exercise; NS, not significant; RER, respiratory exchange ratio; Rest, at rest just before the exercise; RPE, rating of perceived exertion.
Wilcoxon test (variables only indicated at max) significantly different from their respective CON group:
↵*P < 0.05.
Main effects from ANOVA: exercise, exercise effect; group, group effect; interaction, exercise × group interaction. ANOVA post hoc analyses significantly different from their respective CON group:
*P < 0.05.
Significantly different from rest:
↵†P < 0.05,
↵††P < 0.01,
↵†††P < 0.001.