Demographic, metabolic, and clinical characteristics of participants, according to study group
| Variable | Type 1, A1C <7.5% | P value* | Control | P value† | Type 1, A1C ≥7.5% |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | 164 | 188 | 348 | ||
| Age at visit | 13.9 (13.4–14.4) | 0.1 | 14.4 (14.0–14.8) | 0.02 | 15.0 (14.7–15.4) |
| Sex (% male) | 57.3 | 0.001 | 39.9 | 0.1 | 46.6 |
| Race/ethnicity (%) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | |||
| Non-Hispanic white | 82.9 | 54.3 | 79.9 | ||
| Hispanic | 8.5 | 17.6 | 9.8 | ||
| African American | 8.5 | 28.2 | 10.3 | ||
| A1C (%) | 6.5 (6.4–6.6) | <0.001 | 5.1 (5.1–5.2) | <0.001 | 9.2 (9.0–9.4) |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 22.7 (22.0–23.4) | 0.07 | 23.7 (22.8–24.7) | 0.001 | 22.0 (21.6–22.5) |
| BMI z score | 0.6 (0.4–0.8) | 0.5 | 0.7 (0.5–0.8) | 0.03 | 0.5 (0.4–0.6) |
| Waist (cm) | 79.5 (77.7–81.4) | 0.7 | 80.1 (77.9–82.3) | 0.1 | 78.2 (77.0–79.5) |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 106.5 (104.8–108.2) | 0.3 | 107.6 (106.0–109.2) | 0.2 | 106.3 (105.0–107.6) |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 69.0 (67.5–70.5) | 0.3 | 69.9 (68.6–71.3) | 0.2 | 68.8 (67.8–69.9) |
| Physical activity | 4.21 (3.47–4.94) | 0.01 | 5.41 (4.66–6.17) | 0.7 | 5.21 (4.57–5.86) |
| Insulin dose (units · kg−1 · day−1) | 0.54 (0.50–0.59) | N/A | 0.82 (0.78–0.86) | ||
| Duration (years) | 2.2 (1.7–2.8) | N/A | 5.1 (4.6–5.6) |