Table 2

Adjusted ORs (95% CIs) of A1C above the median (A1C >5.2%) in adults aged ≥20 years without diagnosed diabetes and with normal fasting glucose and normal A1C levels, U.S. 1999–2006

Variable	OR (95% CI)
Variable	Model 1	Model 2
n	4,622	4,256
Age-group
20–39 years	1.0 (referent)	1.0 (referent)
40–59 years	2.8 (2.4–3.4)^*	2.7 (2.2–3.3)^*
60–69 years	4.6 (3.6–5.8)^*	3.3 (2.4–4.6)^*
≥70 years	6.9 (5.1–9.3)^*	6.0 (3.9–9.1)^*
Sex
Female	1.0 (referent)	1.0 (referent)
Male	1.4 (1.2–1.7)^*	1.5 (1.2–1.9)^*
Race/ethnicity
Non-Hispanic white	1.0 (referent)	1.0 (referent)
Non-Hispanic black	2.9 (2.4–3.7)^*	2.4 (1.8–3.1)^*
Mexican American	1.7 (1.3–2.2)^*	1.4 (1.0–1.8)^*
Other	1.8 (1.3–2.5)^*	1.9 (1.4–2.6)^*
Hypertension (yes vs. no)		1.2 (0.9–1.5)
Hypercholesterolemia (yes vs. no)		1.4 (1.2–1.7)^*
Smoking
Never smoker		1.0 (referent)
Former smoker		1.0 (0.8–1.2)
Current smoker		1.5 (1.2–1.9)^*
BMI
<25 kg/m²		1.0 (referent)
25–<30 kg/m²		1.2 (0.9–1.5)
≥30 kg/m²		1.9 (1.4–2.7)^*
Education
Post high school		1.0 (referent)
High school or equivalent		1.3 (1.0–1.7)^*
Less than high school		1.5 (1.2–1.9)^*
History of cardiovascular disease		0.9 (0.7–1.3)
Alcohol consumption
Never		1.0 (referent)
Former		0.8 (0.5–1.1)
Current		0.6 (0.5–0.8)^*
C-reactive protein quartiles
0.01–<0.08 mg/dl		1.0 (referent)
0.08–<0.19 mg/dl		1.0 (0.8–1.4)
0.19–<0.44 mg/dl		1.1 (0.8–1.4)
0.44–29.6 mg/dl		1.1 (0.8–1.6)

Model 1: age, sex, and race/ethnicity. Model 2: all variables in model 1 plus hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, BMI, education, history of cardiovascular disease, alcohol consumption, and C-reactive protein categories. Absence of diabetes with normal fasting glucose indicates no history of diabetes and FPG <100 mg/dl; normal A1C level indicates A1C <6%.
↵*P < 0.05.