Clinical characteristics and laboratory results for 678 Hispanic youth with type 1 or type 2 diabetes: the SEARCH study, 2001 prevalent and 2002–2005 incident cohorts with a study visit
| Type 1 diabetes (n = 551) | Type 2 diabetes (n = 127) | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aged 0–9 years* | Aged 10–14 years | Aged ≥15 years | P† | Aged 10–14 years | Aged ≥15 years | P† | ||||||
| n | 179 | 210 | 162 | 40 | 87 | |||||||
| Diagnosis | ||||||||||||
| Age at diabetes diagnosis (years) (means ± SD) | 4.5 ± 2.5 | 8.7 ± 3.2 | 11.2 ± 4.2 | NA | 11.6 ± 1.5 | 14.6 ± 2.1 | NA | |||||
| Duration of diabetes at visit (months) (means ± SD) | 22.0 ± 22.9 | 41.4 ± 38.0 | 73.2 ± 50.8 | <0.0001 | 13.8 ± 10.7 | 26.8 ± 24.0 | 0.001 | |||||
| Duration of diabetes at visit (months) [n (%)] | <0.0001 | 0.014 | ||||||||||
| <6 | 37 (20.8) | 21 (10.0) | 7 (4.3) | 8 (20.0) | 9 (10.3) | |||||||
| 6–12 | 47 (26.4) | 35 (16.7) | 13 (8.1) | 12 (30.0) | 19 (21.8) | |||||||
| >12 | 94 (52.8) | 154 (73.3) | 141 (97.6) | 20 (50.0) | 59 (67.8) | |||||||
| Learned they had diabetes through the following [n (%)]‡ | NA | NA | ||||||||||
| Symptoms | 159 (90.9) | 189 (92.6) | 141 (88.1) | 20 (51.3) | 39 (47.6) | |||||||
| Physical/check up | 12 (7.4) | 17 (9.2) | 21 (14.1) | 12 (31.6) | 29 (35.4) | |||||||
| Screening | 4 (2.5) | 5 (2.7) | 3 (2.0) | 2 (5.3) | 5 (6.3) | |||||||
| DKA at diagnosis, incident cases [n (% yes)] | 30 (25.6) | 22 (23.7) | 8 (21.6) | 0.87 | 3 (9.4) | 3 (6.4) | 0.62 | |||||
| Any family history of diabetes [n (% yes)]§ | 92 (52.3) | 129 (62.0) | 113 (70.2) | 0.003 | 35 (89.7) | 71 (82.6) | 0.30 | |||||
| Clinical characteristics | ||||||||||||
| BMI (means ± SD) | 17.6 ± 2.7 | 21.7 ± 3.9 | 25.5 ± 5.1 | <0.0001 | 32.0 ± 8.1 | 33.3 ± 7.4 | 0.42 | |||||
| BMI z score (means ± SD) | 0.7 ± 1.0 | 0.8 ± 0.9 | 0.8 ± 1.1 | 0.29 | 2 ± 0.9 | 1.8 ± 0.8 | 0.28 | |||||
| Acanthosis nigricans [n (% present)] | 1 (0.7) | 20 (10.4) | 16 (10.7) | 0.0009 | 24 (66.7) | 46 (56.1) | 0.28 | |||||
| High blood pressure at visit [n (%)]‖ | 15 (10.8) | 12 (6.2) | 6 (4.0) | 0.07 | 7 (18.9) | 18 (21.7) | 0.73 | |||||
| High blood pressure adjusted for duration (%) | 11.6 | 6.3 | 3.6 | 0.07 | 20.4 | 20.6 | 0.98 | |||||
| Diabetes medications [n (%)] | <0.0001 | 0.038 | ||||||||||
| Currently on insulin only | 178 (100.0) | 207 (99.0) | 142 (88.8) | 13 (37.1) | 12 (16.0) | |||||||
| Currently on insulin and metformin | 0 | 2 (1.0) | 12 (7.5) | 4 (11.4) | 9 (12.0) | |||||||
| Currently on metformin only | 0 | 0 | 6 (3.8) | 17 (48.6) | 42 (56.0) | |||||||
| No diabetes medication | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 (2.9) | 12 (16.0) | |||||||
| Laboratory measurements | ||||||||||||
| (%) (means ± SD) | 8.0 (1.2) | 8.6 (1.9) | 8.9 (2.0) | 0.0002 | 7.1 (2.2) | 8.5 (2.6) | 0.009 | |||||
| Adjusted for duration (means ± SE) | 8.2 (0.2) | 8.6 (0.1) | 8.7 (0.2) | 0.042 | 7.3 (0.4) | 8.4 (0.3) | 0.043 | |||||
| Glycemic control [n (%)]¶ | 0.0002 | 0.023 | ||||||||||
| Good (A1C < 8.0%) | 64 (51.6) | 75 (42.1) | 48 (34.8) | 26 (74.3) | 37 (46.8) | |||||||
| Marginal (8.0 ≤ A1C < 9.5%) | 45 (36.3) | 48 (27.0) | 40 (29.0) | 4 (11.4) | 15 (19.0) | |||||||
| Poor (A1C ≥ 9.5%) | 15 (12.1) | 55 (30.9) | 50 (36.2) | 5 (14.3) | 27 (34.2) | |||||||
| GAD65 positive [n (% yes)] | 68 (58.1) | 102 (59.3) | 80 (59.3) | 0.98 | 5 (16.1) | 14 (19.2) | 0.71 | |||||
| Adjusted for duration (%) | 52.7 | 58.1 | 66.3 | 0.15 | 18.2 | 17.5 | 0.93 | |||||
| Fasting C-peptide (means ± SD) | 0.4 (0.3) | 0.6 (0.7) | 0.6 (0.9) | 0.06 | 4.4 (2.4) | 3.9 (2.6) | 0.35 | |||||
| Mean fasting C-peptide adjusted for duration (means ± SE) | 0.3 (0.1) | 0.6 (0.1) | 0.8 (0.1) | <0.0001 | 4.2 (0.5) | 4 (0.3) | 0.69 | |||||
| LDL cholesterol (mg/dl) (means ± SD) | 96.6 ± 22.5 | 96.2 ± 26.8 | 99.7 ± 26.1 | 0.51 | 104.4 ± 28.8 | 108.3 ± 3.5 | 0.59 | |||||
| Adjusted for duration (means ± SE) | 98.9 ± 2.6 | 97.1 ± 2.0 | 96.9 ± 2.5 | 0.83 | 105.8 ± 6.0 | 107.7 ± 4.1 | 0.80 | |||||
| High LDL cholesterol (≥100 mg/dl) [n (% yes)] | 42 (41.2) | 58 (38.2) | 58 (51.8) | 0.078 | 18 (56.3) | 38 (56.7) | 0.97 | |||||
| Adjusted for duration (% yes) | 43.5 | 39.0 | 48.8 | 0.33 | 57.4 | 56.2 | 0.91 | |||||
| Triglycerides (mg/dl) (geometric means ± SD) | 50.1 ± 1.4 | 65.4 ± 1.6 | 91.4 ± 1.9 | <0.0001 | 127.7 ± 1.7 | 159.9 ± 2.0 | 0.10 | |||||
| Adjusted for duration (geometric mean ± SE) | 51.5 ± 1.1 | 66 ± 1.0 | 88.9 ± 1.1 | <0.0001 | 128.1 ± 1.1 | 159.7 ± 1.1 | 0.13 | |||||
| High triglycerides (≥110 mg/dl) [n (% yes)] | 3 (2.9) | 21 (13.8) | 38 (33.9) | <0.0001 | 19 (59.4) | 48 (71.6) | 0.22 | |||||
| Adjusted for duration (% yes) | 3.2 | 14.1 | 30.9 | <0.0001 | 60.8 | 71.2 | 0.32 | |||||
| HDL cholesterol (mg/dl) (means ± SD) | 55.3 ± 11.7 | 54 ± 11.7 | 50.1 ± 14.1 | 0.002 | 41.6 ± 8.6 | 40.5 ± 10.4 | 0.61 | |||||
| Adjusted for duration (means ± SE) | 56.1 ± 1.2 | 54.2 ± 0.9 | 49.1 ± 1.1 | 0.0001 | 42.4 ± 1.7 | 40.2 ± 1.1 | 0.29 | |||||
| Low HDL cholesterol (≤40 mg/dl) [n (% yes)] | 9 (7.4) | 24 (13.5) | 30 (21.7) | 0.004 | 17 (50.0) | 43 (55.1) | 0.62 | |||||
| Adjusted for duration (% yes) | 6.3 | 12.7 | 24.7 | 0.0006 | 47.5 | 56.2 | 0.41 | |||||
| Apolipoprotein B [median (interquartile range)] | 70.0 (15.0) | 70.0 (29.0) | 80.0 (40.0) | 0.008 | 84.0 (30) | 97.5 (41.0) | 0.45 | |||||
| Adjusted for duration [median (interquartile range)] | 69.2 (4.4) | 70.5 (5.3) | 77.8 (7.3) | 0.20 | 88.5 (1.6) | 92.9 (4.7) | 0.66 | |||||
| High apolipoprotein B (≥90 mg/dl) [n (%)] | 11 (14.5) | 27 (19.7) | 44 (35.8) | <0.0001 | 10 (47.6) | 38 (61.3) | 0.27 | |||||
| Adjusted for duration (% yes) | 16.1 | 20.2 | 33.1 | 0.021 | 53.2 | 60.3 | 0.59 | |||||
↵* Age at time of in-person visit.
↵† P value for categorical variables using χ2 test for the association between variable levels and age-groups. P value for continuous variables using ANOVA for the overall effect of age-group. P value for adjusted variables using logistic regression (categorical variables) or linear regression (continuous variables) for the overall effect of age-group. When results were missing, descriptive information and P values are based on participants with complete data.
↵‡ More than one response category allowed.
↵§ Family history includes parents, grandparents, and biological siblings with any form of diabetes.
↵‖ High blood pressure defined as measured blood pressure (systolic or diastolic) ≥ age-, sex-, and height-specific 95th percentile.
↵¶ Glycemic control categories based on American Diabetes Association recommendations.