Baseline and 1-year characteristics of Look AHEAD participants
| Variable | ILI (intervention) | DSE (control) | P value deltas (ILI vs. DSE) 1 year | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | 1 year | Absolute change | Relative change | Baseline | 1 year | Absolute change | Relative change | ||
| n | 46 | 50 | |||||||
| Measures of adiposity | |||||||||
| Hepatic fat | 4.2 (2.3−7.2)* | 2.9 (1.3−3.9) | −2.3 (−4.3 to −0.4) | −50.8 (−66.9 to −27.8) | 6.3 (2.7−12.7) | 4.9 (1.9−8.6) | −1.1 (−3.1 to 1.2) | −22.8 (−51.2 to 32.2) | 0.04 |
| 0−1 (%) | 7 (15.2) | 8 (17.4) | 5 (10.0) | 6 (12.2) | |||||
| 1.1−5.49 (%) | 24 (52.2) | 29 (63.0) | 18 (36.0) | 20 (40.8) | |||||
| 5.5−10 (%) | 5 (10.9) | 5 (10.9) | 9 (18.0) | 13 (26.5) | |||||
| 10.1−20 (%) | 8 (17.4) | 3 (6.5) | 14 (28.0) | 6 (12.2) | |||||
| >20 (%) | 2 (4.4) | 1 (2.2) | 4 (8.0) | 4 (8.2) | |||||
| BMI | 34.7 ± 5.4 | 32.1 ± 5.2 | −2.6 ± 2.6 | −7.3 ± 6.8 | 35.3 ± 4.7 | 35.3 ± 4.8 | −0.02 ± 2.0 | 0.03 ± 5.7 | <0.001 |
| 25−29.9 kg/m2 | 8 (17.4) | 15 (68.2) | 3 (6.0) | 7 (14.0) | |||||
| 30−34.9 kg/m2 | 21 (44.7) | 20 (43.5) | 26 (52.0) | 19 (38.0) | |||||
| 35−39.9 kg/m2 | 12 (26.1) | 9 (19.6) | 14 (28.0) | 15 (30.0) | |||||
| ≥40 kg/m2 | 5 (10.9) | 2 (4.4) | 7 (14.0) | 9 (18.0) | |||||
| Weight (kg) | 98.1 ± 16.6* | 90.6 ± 14.9 | −8.5 ± 8.3 | −8.3 ± 6.9 | 104.8 ± 16.7 | 104.7 ± 16.9 | −0.05 ± 5.7 | −0.02 ± 5.2 | <0.001 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 112.0 ± 11.7* | 102.4 ± 11.7 | −9.9 ± 11.1 | −8.4 ± 8.9 | 115.0 ± 11.8 | 113.5 ± 12.4 | −1.8 ± 6.5 | −1.4 ± 5.5 | <0.001 |
| Total fat (per 10 cm2) | 51.3 ± 15.4 | 46.4 ± 14.8 | −5.3 ± 11.0 | −8.8 ± 17.2 | 56.0 ± 14.5 | 56.0 ± 15.6 | −0.03 ± 7.8 | 0.5 ± 14.1 | 0.002 |
| Subcutaneous (per 10 cm2) | 28.8 ± 13.2 | 26.6 ± 11.8 | −2.9 ± 7.2 | −6.7 ± 19.2 | 29.1 ± 10.3 | 28.4 ± 10.7 | −0.8 ± 4.16 | −1.9 ± 16.8 | 0.02 |
| Intraperitoneal (per 10 cm2) | 15.5 ± 6.6 | 13.0 ± 5.5 | −2.5 ± 4.4 | −12.7 ± 28.5 | 18.7 ± 7.7 | 18.2 ± 7.3 | −0.4 ± 4.4 | 1.8 ± 24.4 | 0.02 |
| Retroperitoneal (per 10 cm2) | 5.8 ± 2.7 | 5.9 ± 3.1 | 0.2 ± 1.6 | 5.3 ± 27.4 | 7.1 ± 3.2 | 8.2 ± 4.1 | 1.1 ± 2.0 | 15.4 ± 26.6 | 0.05 |
| Biochemical and metabolic parameters | |||||||||
| ALT (units/l) | 17.5 (14−28) | 20 (16−27) | 1 (−3 to 7) | 20 (17−26) | 19 (14−24) | −2 (−6 to 1) | 0.31 | ||
| AST (units/l) | 18 (15−24) | 21 (18−25) | 3 (−2 to 5) | 19 (15−24) | 17 (15−22) | 0 (−3 to 2) | 0.45 | ||
| ALT−to−AST ratio | 1 (0.8−1.1) | 1 (0.8−1.2) | 0.1 (−0.2 to 0.2) | 0.8 (0.7−1) | 0.9 (0.8−1.1) | 0.1 (−0.04 to 0.2) | 0.19 | ||
| GGT (units/l) | 24 (18−36) | 22 (17.5−32.0) | −3 (−6 to 1) | 25 (22−45) | 23 (18−35) | −4 (−11 to 2) | 0.27 | ||
| A1C (%) | 7.1 ± 1.0 | 6.5 ± 0.9 | −0.7 ± 1.1 | 7.3 ± 1.0 | 7.1 ± 1.0 | −0.2 ± 0.8 | 0.04 | ||
| HDL cholesterol (mg/dl) | 47.9 ± 11.7 | 52.7 ± 12.0 | 4.1 ± 7.0 | 42.9 ± 12.0 | 44.2 ± 11.4 | 2 ± 6.5 | 0.11 | ||
| Triglycerides (mg/dl) | 111.5 (88−169) | 107 (66−139) | −5 (−46 to 18) | 122.5 (91−194) | 121 (87−190) | −5 (−31 to 20) | 0.23 | ||
| LDL cholesterol (mg/dl) | 118.0 ± 34.5 | 107.3 ± 30.7 | −9.3 ± 23.3 | 109.8 ± 29.9 | 98.1 ± 27.7 | −12.3 ± 25.0 | 0.53 | ||
| HDL−to−triglyceride ratio | 2.3 (1.6−3.9) | 2.1 (1.31−3.1) | −0.2 (−1.1 to 0.3) | 3.2 (2.1−5.4) | 2.6 (1.9−4.7) | −0.2 (−0.9 to 0.4) | 0.4 | ||
| Adipokines and cytokines | |||||||||
| IL−8 (pg/ml) | 31.7 (24.3−38.2) | 23.0 (17.0−29.6) | −9.3 (−17.3 to 5.9) | 31.9 (21.1−41.7) | 21.0 (15.9−26.3) | −9.3 (−21.1 to −0.1) | 0.65 | ||
| IL−10 (pg/ml) | 5.5 (4.8−5.9) | 6.8 (5.5−7.8) | 0.9 (−0.2 to 3.0) | 5.3 (4.8−6.4) | 7.1 (5.9−8.7) | 1.4 (0.04−3.4) | 0.08 | ||
| TNF−α (pg/ml) | 1.7 (1.2−2.6) | 1.7 (1.4−2.2) | 0.2 (−0.7 to 0.6) | 1.8 (1.4−2.8) | 1.9 (1.6−2.5) | 0.03 (−0.7 to 0.7) | 0.82 | ||
| Adiponectin (μg/ml) | 5.9 (4.5−7.2) | 11.5 (7.67−21.21) | 6.7 (2.4 to 10.8) | 5.4 (4.3−6.3) | 9.3 (6.8−15.2) | 3.8 (1.7 to 8.9) | 0.1 | ||
| Ghrelin (ng/ml) | 1.2 (0.9−2.0) | 1.4 (0.9−1.8) | −0.03 (−0.9 to 0.7) | 1.2 (0.9−2.1) | 0.9 (0.8−1.2) | −0.3 (−1.1 to 0.2) | 0.35 | ||
| Resistin (ng/ml) | 4.1 (2.9−6.6) | 6.8 (4.7−8.8) | 1.9 (0.5 to 2.6) | 4.5 (3.5−5.9) | 6.2 (4.8−8.2) | 1.5 (0.1 to 3.0) | 0.84 | ||
| Medications | |||||||||
| No. of diabetes medications | 1.3 ± 0.8 | 1.2 ± 0.9 | −0.1 ± 0.5 | 1.4 ± 0.8 | 1.5 ± 0.8 | 0.1 ± 0.6 | 0.06 | ||
| 0−1 | 29 (63.0) | 30 (65.2) | 27 (44.0) | 22 (44.0) | |||||
| 2 | 12 (26.1) | 11 (23.9) | 19 (38.0) | 23 (46.0) | |||||
| 3 | 5 (10.9) | 5 (10.9) | 4 (8.0) | 5 (10.0) | |||||
| Use of insulin (%) | 13 | 11 | −2 | 10 | 8 | −2 | 0.94 | ||
| Use of metformin (%) | 52.20 | 45.70 | −6.5 | 48 | 54.20 | 6.2 | 0.38 | ||
| Use of thiazolidinedione (%) | 28.30 | 23.90 | −4.4 | 34 | 30.00 | −4 | 0.95 | ||
| Use of lipid-lowering drug (%) | 41.3* | 45.70 | 4.4 | 70 | 70.80 | 0.8 | 0.82 | ||
Data are means ± SEM, median (interquartile range), or frequency (%).
↵*ILI vs. DSE baseline difference P > 0.05, adjusted for sex and baseline weight.