Baseline characteristics
| Characteristics | Total | Metformin users | No metformin use |
|---|---|---|---|
| n | 1,353 | 289 | 1,064 |
| Age (years) | 67.8 ± 11.7 | 67.3 ± 10.6 | 68.0 ± 12.0 |
| Female sex (%) | 57.6 | 61.2 | 56.5 |
| Diabetes duration (years) | 6.0 (3–11) | 4.9 (3–11) | 7.1 (4–12) |
| Smoking (%) | 18.6 | 19.2 | 18.4 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 28.9 ± 4.8 | 29.6 ± 5.1 | 28.8 ± 4.6* |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 153.0 ± 25.2 | 154.3 ± 24.9 | 153.6 ± 25.3 |
| A1C (%) | 7.5 ± 1.2 | 7.7 ± 1.1 | 7.4 ± 1.3* |
| eGFR (ml/min per 1.73 m2) | 73.9 ± 28.1 | 76.9 ± 30.0 | 73.0 ± 27.6† |
| Total cholesterol–to–HDL ratio | 5.2 ± 1.6 | 5.3 ± 1.6 | 5.1 ± 1.5 |
| Albumin-to-creatinine ratio | 2.2 (1.0–7.2) | 2.6 (1.1–9.4) | 2.1 (1.0–6.8) |
| Macrovascular complications (%) | 32.7 | 35.3 | 32.1 |
| Insulin use (%) | 16.5 | 5.9 | 19.3‡ |
| Sulfonylurea use (%) | 55.0 | 15.9 | 65.8‡ |
| Diet only (%) | 13.0 |