Characteristics of the study population at baseline and of the study sites at which they were enrolled, with univariate HRs for all-cause mortality
| Baseline characteristic | Value | HR (95% CI) | P value | Overall P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 62.2 ± 6.8 | 1.08 (1.06−1.09) | <0.0001 | |
| Female | 3,952 (38.6) | 0.64 (0.52−0.78) | <0.0001 | |
| Race/ethnicity | 0.001 | |||
| African-American | 1,952 (19) | 0.81 (0.63−1.03) | 0.0821 | |
| Hispanic | 738 (7.2) | 0.71 (0.47−1.06) | 0.09 | |
| Other | 1,117 (10.9) | 0.51 (0.35−0.74) | 0.0004 | |
| Non-Hispanic white | 6,444 (62.9) | 1 | ||
| Diabetes duration | 0.002 | |||
| 6–10 years | 2,931 (29.3) | 0.88 (0.68−1.14) | 0.3,422 | |
| 11–15 years | 1,958 (19.6) | 0.86 (0.64−1.15) | 0.3,041 | |
| ≥16+ years | 2,341 (23.4) | 1.33 (1.05−1.7) | 0.0203 | |
| ≤5 years | 2,776 (27.7) | 1 | ||
| History of cardiovascular disease | 3,608 (35.2) | 2.07 (1.72−2.48) | <0.0001 | |
| Prior myocardial infarction | 475 (4.6) | 1.44 (0.99−2.09) | 0.0592 | |
| Heart failure/congestive heart failure | 494 (4.9) | 3.18 (2.42−4.17) | <0.0001 | |
| Retinal surgery | 879 (8.6) | 1.67 (1.28−2.17) | 0.0001 | |
| Amputation | 185 (1.8) | 2.64 (1.71−4.09) | <0.0001 | |
| Education | 0.0028 | |||
| Less than high school | 1,521 (14.8) | 1.64 (1.23−2.19) | 0.0007 | |
| High school graduate | 2,704 (26.4) | 1.42 (1.1−1.85) | 0.0079 | |
| Some college | 3,357 (32.8) | 1.18 (0.91−1.53) | 0.218 | |
| College graduate or more | 2,662 (26) | 1 | ||
| Smoking | <0.0001 | |||
| Former | 4,527 (44.2) | 1.78 (1.44−2.21) | <0.0001 | |
| Current | 1,429 (14) | 2.13 (1.62−2.8) | <0.0001 | |
| Never | 4,282 (41.8) | 1 | ||
| Alcohol use | 0.0589 | |||
| 1–6 drinks/week | 1,975 (19.3) | 0.75 (0.59−0.97) | 0.0282 | |
| 7+ drinks/week | 470 (4.6) | 1.15 (0.76−1.72) | 0.5,065 | |
| No drinks/week | 7,801 (76.1) | 1 | ||
| Insulin use | 3,579 (34.9) | 1.4 (1.17−1.69) | 0.0003 | |
| ACE inhibitor | 5,433 (53) | 1.27 (1.05−1.52) | 0.0131 | |
| Angiotensin receptor blockers | 1,639 (16) | 0.79 (0.59−1.04) | 0.0928 | |
| Statins | 6,363 (62.1) | 0.92 (0.76−1.1) | 0.3534 | |
| Metformin | 6,135 (59.8) | 0.84 (0.7−1.01) | 0.0665 | |
| Secretagogues | 5,273 (51.4) | 0.79 (0.66−0.95) | 0.0105 | |
| Thiazolidinediones | 1,982 (19.3) | 0.85 (0.67−1.09) | 0.204 | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 32.2 ± 5.5 | 1 (0.984−1.017) | 0.9773 | |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 136.4 ± 17.1 | 1.003 (0.997−1.008) | 0.3316 | |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 74.9 ± 10.7 | 0.975 (0.966−0.984) | <0.0001 | |
| Visual acuity | <0.0001 | |||
| <20/40 | 2,337 (23.9) | 3.36 (2.26−5) | <0.0001 | |
| 20/20–20/40 | 5,948 (60.7) | 2.16 (1.47−3.18) | <0.0001 | |
| ≥20/20 | 1,510 (15.4) | 1 | ||
| Peripheral neuropathy | 4,356 (42.6) | 1.83 (1.52−2.2) | <0.0001 | |
| Heart rate | 72.7 ± 11.8 | 1 (0.992−1.008) | 0.9311 | |
| Q-T index | 101.8 ± 5.2 | 1.05 (1.03−1.06) | <0.0001 | |
| A1C (%) | 8.3 ± 1.1 | 1.04 (0.96−1.14) | 0.3252 | |
| Fasting plasma glucose (mg/dl) | 175.3 ± 56.2 | 1 (0.998−1.001) | 0.6445 | |
| LDL (mg/dl) | 104.9 ± 33.9 | 0.998 (0.995−1.001) | 0.119 | |
| HDL (mg/dl) | 41.9 ± 11.6 | 0.988 (0.98−0.996) | 0.0054 | |
| Triglycerides (mg/dl) | 190.1 ± 148.4 | 1 (0.999−1.001) | 0.9412 | |
| Serum creatinine (mg/dl) | 0.91 ± 0.23 | 2.44 (1.72−3.46) | <0.0001 | |
| Urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (mg/mg) | <0.0001 | |||
| 30–≤300 | 2,501 (24.6) | 1.7 (1.39−2.09) | <0.0001 | |
| >300 | 673 (6.6) | 2.9 (2.2−3.81) | <0.0001 | |
| <30 | 6,998 (68.8) | 1 | ||
| Integrated health plan | 4,078 (39.8) | 1.39 (1.16−1.68) | 0.0004 | |
| Endocrinologist or diabetologist | 5,706 (55.7) | 0.84 (0.7−1) | 0.0556 | |
| Certified diabetes educator on staff at rand | 3,960 (38.6) | 0.94 (0.78−1.14) | 0.5429 | |
| Site size | 0.894 | |||
| <100 | 1,583 (15.4) | 0.94 (0.72−1.24) | 0.6837 | |
| 100–150 | 3,049 (29.7) | 0.97 (0.78−1.19) | 0.7385 | |
| >150 | 5,619 (54.8) | 1 |
Values are means ± SD, n (%), or HR (95% CI).