Table 2

Conditional logistic regression model of cardiovascular events

Covariate	Odds ratio (95% CI)	P
Mean A1C level (%)
≤6.0	1.20^* (1.10–1.31)	<0.001
>6.0–8.0	Reference	—
>8.0	1.16^* (1.09–1.25)	<0.001
≥6 A1C tests over prior 3 years	0.84 (0.80–0.89)	<0.001
A1C range >1.0%	1.29 (1.21–1.38)	<0.001
Diabetes medications
Insulin only	2.65 (2.31–3.05)	<0.001
Metformin only	1.06 (0.92–1.23)	0.41
Sulfonylurea only	1.55 (1.36–1.76)	<0.001
Insulin and oral medications	2.56 (2.19–3.00)	<0.001
Other oral medications/oral combination	1.55 (1.33–1.80)	<0.001
No diabetes medications	Reference	—
Mean proportion of days covered of diabetes medications	0.56 (0.49–0.63)	<0.001
Statins	0.75 (0.70–0.80)	<0.001
ACE inhibitors/ARBs	0.80 (0.74–0.86)	<0.001
Other antihypertensives/antiplatelets	1.34 (1.25–1.43)	<0.001
Antipsychotics	7.10 (6.24–8.09)	<0.001
Antiarrhythmics	1.54 (1.30–1.83)	<0.001
Tricyclic antidepressant	2.91 (2.44–3.46)	<0.001
ESAs	2.75 (2.46–3.08)	<0.001
β-Agonists	1.63 (1.52–1.75)	<0.001
Prior cardiovascular event	3.10 (2.87–3.36)	<0.0001
Cardiovascular diagnosis	1.41 (1.28–1.56)	<0.0001
LDL >100 mg/dl	1.14 (1.06–1.22)	0.0033
HDL > 40 mg/dl	0.67 (0.63–0.71)	<0.0001
Retinopathy	1.13 (1.07–1.21)	<0.0001
Nephropathy	1.68 (1.58–1.79)	<0.0001
Neuropathy	1.19 (1.12–1.26)	<0.0001
Prior amputations	3.28 (2.52–4.26)	<0.0001
Prior severe hypoglycemia	1.67 (1.40–1.99)	<0.0001

↵*Odds ratio estimated using multivariate analysis controlling for all covariates listed in table. Prior cardiovascular event = hospitalization for MI, stroke, heart failure, arrhythmia in the 3-year preindex period. Cardiovascular diagnosis = hypertension, heart failure, and/or peripheral vascular disease. Prior severe hypoglycemia = emergency-room visit or hospitalization with primary diagnosis of hypoglycemia.