Conditional logistic regression model of cardiovascular events
Covariate | Odds ratio (95% CI) | P |
---|---|---|
Mean A1C level (%) | ||
≤6.0 | 1.20* (1.10–1.31) | <0.001 |
>6.0–8.0 | Reference | — |
>8.0 | 1.16* (1.09–1.25) | <0.001 |
≥6 A1C tests over prior 3 years | 0.84 (0.80–0.89) | <0.001 |
A1C range >1.0% | 1.29 (1.21–1.38) | <0.001 |
Diabetes medications | ||
Insulin only | 2.65 (2.31–3.05) | <0.001 |
Metformin only | 1.06 (0.92–1.23) | 0.41 |
Sulfonylurea only | 1.55 (1.36–1.76) | <0.001 |
Insulin and oral medications | 2.56 (2.19–3.00) | <0.001 |
Other oral medications/oral combination | 1.55 (1.33–1.80) | <0.001 |
No diabetes medications | Reference | — |
Mean proportion of days covered of diabetes medications | 0.56 (0.49–0.63) | <0.001 |
Statins | 0.75 (0.70–0.80) | <0.001 |
ACE inhibitors/ARBs | 0.80 (0.74–0.86) | <0.001 |
Other antihypertensives/antiplatelets | 1.34 (1.25–1.43) | <0.001 |
Antipsychotics | 7.10 (6.24–8.09) | <0.001 |
Antiarrhythmics | 1.54 (1.30–1.83) | <0.001 |
Tricyclic antidepressant | 2.91 (2.44–3.46) | <0.001 |
ESAs | 2.75 (2.46–3.08) | <0.001 |
β-Agonists | 1.63 (1.52–1.75) | <0.001 |
Prior cardiovascular event | 3.10 (2.87–3.36) | <0.0001 |
Cardiovascular diagnosis | 1.41 (1.28–1.56) | <0.0001 |
LDL >100 mg/dl | 1.14 (1.06–1.22) | 0.0033 |
HDL > 40 mg/dl | 0.67 (0.63–0.71) | <0.0001 |
Retinopathy | 1.13 (1.07–1.21) | <0.0001 |
Nephropathy | 1.68 (1.58–1.79) | <0.0001 |
Neuropathy | 1.19 (1.12–1.26) | <0.0001 |
Prior amputations | 3.28 (2.52–4.26) | <0.0001 |
Prior severe hypoglycemia | 1.67 (1.40–1.99) | <0.0001 |
↵*Odds ratio estimated using multivariate analysis controlling for all covariates listed in table. Prior cardiovascular event = hospitalization for MI, stroke, heart failure, arrhythmia in the 3-year preindex period. Cardiovascular diagnosis = hypertension, heart failure, and/or peripheral vascular disease. Prior severe hypoglycemia = emergency-room visit or hospitalization with primary diagnosis of hypoglycemia.