Differences in offspring anthropometric and metabolic characteristics comparing offspring of mothers with GDM to control subjects after adjustment for offspring age, sex, and BMI and maternal prepregnancy BMI
Offspring outcomes | Mean difference or % difference* (95% CI) | Pc | Mean difference or % difference* (95% CI) | Pd |
---|---|---|---|---|
Anthropometric characteristics | ||||
BMI (kg/m2)# | 4% (2–6%) | <0.0001 | ||
Waist circumference (cm) | 0.83 (0.30, 1.35) | 0.002 | 0.52 (−0.06, 1.08) | 0.08 |
Hip circumference (cm) | 0.01 (−0.48, 0.49) | 0.97 | ||
WHR | 0.009 (0.003, 0.02) | 0.002 | 0.009 (0.002, 0.02) | 0.01 |
Head circumference (cm) | 0.17 (−0.05, 0.40) | 0.13 | ||
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 0.30 (−0.70, 1.30) | 0.55 | ||
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | −0.63 (−1.26, 0.11) | 0.09 | ||
Heart rate (bpm) | 0.82 (−0.37, 2.02) | 0.17 | ||
Metabolic characteristics | ||||
Whole-blood fasting glucose (mmol/L)* | 2% (1–4%) | 0.02 | 2% (1–4%) | 0.02 |
Fasting plasma glucose (mmol/L)* | 4% (1–5%) | <0.0001 | 4% (2–5%) | <0.0001 |
Fasting insulin (pmol/L)* | 7% (1–13%) | 0.04 | 4% (−2 to 11%) | 0.18 |
C-peptide (pmol/L) | 8.7 (−13, 30) | 0.43 | ||
HOMA-IR* | 11% (4–18%) | 0.002 | 8% (1–16%) | 0.02 |
Triglycerides (mmol/L)* | 0% (−5 to 5%) | 0.92 | ||
HDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | −0.02 (−0.07, 0.02) | 0.30 | ||
LDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 0.003 (−0.07, 0.08) | 0.93 | ||
Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | −0.002 (−0.09, 0.09) | 0.96 | ||
Body composition measured by DEXA | ||||
Total fat (%) | 0.72 (−0.17, 1.61) | 0.11 | ||
Total lean mass (%) | −0.70 (−1.54, 0.14) | 0.10 | ||
Total android tissue (% fat)* | 2% (−4 to 8%) | 0.50 | ||
Total gynoid tissue (% fat) | 0.56 (−0.48, 1.59) | 0.29 | ||
Fat distribution (android/gynoid ratio) | 0.005 (−0.02, 0.03) | 0.66 | ||
Total bone mass density (mg/cm2) | −0.007 (−0.02, 0.007) | 0.30 |
↵*Non-normally distributed variables
↵cP adjusted for age, sex, and offspring BMI.
↵dP adjusted for age, sex, offspring BMI, and maternal prepregnancy BMI. Only variables that were significant after adjustment for offspring BMI were further adjusted for maternal prepregnancy BMI.
↵#Adjusted for age, sex, and maternal prepregnancy BMI.