Table 3

Mutually adjusted IRRs for hospitalization for infection during 2008–2015 among individuals with diabetes only

Baseline characteristic	People with T2DM (n = 96,630)				People with T1DM (n = 5,863)
Baseline characteristic	IRR^*	95% CI	IRR^†	95% CI	IRR^*	95% CI	IRR^†	95% CI
Sex
Women	1		1		1		1
Men	1.09	1.05–1.12	1.12	1.08–1.16	0.95	0.81–1.11	1.00	0.85–1.17
Age (years)
40–49	1		1		1		1
50–59	0.99	0.90–1.10	1.02	0.92–1.12	1.14	0.90–1.44	1.01	0.80–1.27
60–69	1.26	1.14–1.39	1.25	1.13–1.38	1.70	1.38–2.09	1.25	1.00–1.56
70–79	1.90	1.73–2.09	1.82	1.65–2.01	2.42	1.93–3.04	1.53	1.18–1.98
80–89	3.14	2.84–3.47	2.85	2.57–3.16	4.25	3.37–5.36	2.38	1.79–3.16
Duration of diabetes (years)
>0 to 5	1		1		1		1
>5 to 15	1.30	1.25–1.35	1.12	1.08–1.17	0.86	0.64–1.16	0.83	0.61–1.13
>15	1.75	1.66–1.84	1.24	1.16–1.32	0.87	0.65–1.16	0.85	0.64–1.14
Current diabetes drugs^‡
Insulin	2.04	1.95–2.12	1.68	1.60–1.76	NA		NA
Sulfonylureas	1.16	1.12–1.20	1.18	1.14–1.23	NA		NA
Biguanides	0.97	0.94–1.00	0.94	0.91–0.97	NA		NA
Other	1.01	0.94–1.08	0.94	0.87–1.01	NA		NA
Other drugs^‡
Statins	0.93	0.89–0.97	0.83	0.80–0.87	1.13	0.96–1.33	0.94	0.79–1.12
Oral steroids	2.22	2.10–2.35	1.96	1.85–2.07	3.00	2.38–3.78	2.65	2.08–3.37
Deprivation quintile^§
1 (least)	1		1		1		1
2	1.15	1.08–1.21	1.09	1.03–1.16	1.12	0.90–1.40	1.06	0.86–1.31
3	1.23	1.16–1.31	1.14	1.07–1.21	1.18	0.93–1.49	1.05	0.84–1.33
4	1.37	1.29–1.45	1.23	1.16–1.31	1.64	1.32–2.05	1.46	1.18–1.81
5 (most)	1.64	1.54–1.74	1.40	1.31–1.49	1.68	1.32–2.12	1.39	1.08–1.78
Smoking status
Never	1		1		1		1
Ex	1.27	1.22–1.32	1.17	1.12–1.21	1.13	0.95–1.36	1.00	0.84–1.19
Current	1.69	1.60–1.79	1.58	1.49–1.67	1.49	1.24–1.79	1.42	1.18–1.70
BMI (kg/m²)
>10 to 20	1.34	1.18–1.53	1.27	1.12–1.45	1.47	1.07–2.01	1.43	1.04–1.97
>20 to 25	1		1		1		1
>25 to 30	0.93	0.88–0.97	0.93	0.89–0.98	0.96	0.81–1.14	0.95	0.80–1.12
>30 to 40	1.18	1.12–1.24	1.13	1.07–1.19	1.16	0.95–1.42	0.99	0.80–1.21
>40	2.09	1.94–2.26	1.86	1.73–2.01	1.91	1.18–3.08	1.32	0.83–2.09
Chronic disease
Chronic kidney	1.49	1.43–1.56	1.26	1.21–1.31	2.35	1.96–2.82	1.94	1.63–2.32
Heart failure	2.18	2.07–2.30	1.56	1.47–1.64	2.46	1.81–3.35	1.52	1.08–2.16
Hypertension	1.00	0.96–1.04	0.96	0.92–0.99	1.43	1.20–1.70	1.27	1.07–1.51
Hypothyroidism	1.14	1.08–1.21	1.03	0.97–1.09	0.97	0.80–1.19	0.93	0.77–1.13
IHD	1.40	1.35–1.45	1.15	1.11–1.20	1.90	1.59–2.28	1.48	1.23–1.78
Peripheral vascular	1.74	1.64–1.84	1.30	1.23–1.38	1.95	1.58–2.40	1.31	1.05–1.62
Stroke and TIA	1.56	1.49–1.64	1.39	1.32–1.45	1.84	1.43–2.36	1.49	1.14–1.95

↵*IRRs estimated from Poisson model conditioned on match sets (age-sex-practice matched). NA, not applicable.
↵†Additionally adjusted for all other factors listed in table.
↵‡Has prescription for drug class during 2007.
↵§IMD (see research design and methods).