Clinical characteristics of Medalists stratified by the presence of CKD and PDR
| +CKD/−PDR | −CKD/−PDR | +CKD/+PDR | −CKD/+PDR | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | 30 | 327 | 66 | 339 |
| Sex (male) | 46.7 | 46.8 | 40.9 | 44.3 |
| Age (years) | 73 (67, 77)* | 65 (61, 70) | 65 (62, 71) | 64 (60, 70) |
| Age at diagnosis (years) | 15 (10, 21)* | 11 (6, 16) | 10 (7, 14) | 10 (6, 14) |
| Duration (years) | 54 (51, 63) | 53 (51, 56) | 54 (51, 58) | 53 (51, 56) |
| Daily insulin dose (units/kg) | 0.48 (0.31, 0.62) | 0.42 (0.34, 0.52) | 0.44 (0.33, 0.56) | 0.43 (0.35, 0.54) |
| HbA1c (%) | 7.0 (6.4, 8.0) | 7.1 (6.5, 7.6) | 7.2 (6.4, 7.8) | 7.2 (6.7, 7.7) |
| HbA1c (mmol/mol) | 53 (46, 64) | 54 (48, 60) | 55 (46, 62) | 55 (50, 61) |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 3.8 (3.4, 4.4) | 4.1 (3.7, 4.7) | 4.0 (3.4, 4.5) | 4.0 (3.5, 4.7) |
| LDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 2.0 (1.5, 2.5) | 2.0 (1.7, 2.4) | 2.0 (1.6, 2.5) | 2.0 (1.7, 2.3) |
| HDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.4 (1.1, 1.8)* | 1.7 (1.4, 2.1) | 1.4 (1.2, 1.7) | 1.6 (1.3, 2.0) |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 0.8 (0.7, 1.2)* | 0.7 (0.6, 0.9) | 1.0 (0.7, 1.2) | 0.7 (0.6, 1.0) |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 25.5 (23.6, 28.3)* | 25.2 (22.5, 28.1) | 27.7 (24.1, 30.4) | 25.9 (23.3, 28.7) |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 40.5 (33.6, 43.7)* | 77.6 (63.2, 89.9) | 35.5 (28.8, 41.5) | 71.8 (60.1, 85.6) |
| Serum creatinine (µmol/L) | 132.6 (114.9, 159.1)* | 79.6 (69.8, 94.6) | 142.8 (123.8, 176.8) | 85.7 (70.7, 97.2) |
| ACR (mg/mmol) | 2.1 (0.9, 6.5)* | 1.2 (0.7, 2.4) | 3.6 (1.5, 14.3) | 1.4 (0.8, 4.0) |
| CRP (mg/L) | 1.0 (0.6, 1.8) | 0.7 (0.2, 1.7) | 0.8 (0.3, 2.7) | 0.7 (0.2, 1.7) |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 130 (119, 148) | 132 (120, 146) | 127 (120, 148) | 128 (120, 140) |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 60 (58, 68)* | 65 (58, 70) | 62 (58, 69) | 62 (58, 68) |
| Detectable C-peptide | 56.7* | 37.0 | 28.6 | 32.1 |
| Responder to MMTT | 22.2 | 5.8 | 5.6 | 5.9 |
| CVD | 34.5* | 28.8 | 68.2 | 42.8 |
| Neuropathy (MNSI ≥2) | 73.3 | 68.8 | 73.9 | 74.3 |
| Antihypertensive medication | 72.4* | 60.1 | 90.8 | 65.7 |
| Lipid-lowering medication | 75.0 | 66.3 | 80.3 | 72.3 |
| Exercise | 65.5* | 84.3 | 72.3 | 79.8 |
| Smoking | 0 | 1.6 | 2.2 | 3.6 |
| IA2 | 30.0 | 24.0 | 15.9 | 20.6 |
| GAD65 | 26.7 | 28.5 | 31.8 | 27.0 |
| DR3 or DR4 | 100.0 | 93.8 | 93.8 | 93.9 |
Data are median (IQR) or %. For C-peptide response to mixed-meal tolerance test (MMTT), n = 439. MNSI, Michigan Neuropathy Screening Instrument.
↵*P < 0.05 between all groups. Boldface text highlights the differences between groups (equals *P < 0.05 between all groups).