Baseline characteristics of the study population
| Low-ACR group | High-ACR group | P | |
|---|---|---|---|
| n | 396 | 150 | |
| Sex, male, n (%) | 211 (53.3) | 77 (51.3) | 0.95 |
| Age (years) | 14.3 (1.6) | 14.1 (1.6) | 0.17 |
| Age at diagnosis (years) | 6.9 (3.6) | 8.2 (3.1) | 0.001 |
| Duration of diabetes (years) | 7.3 (3.4) | 5.9 (3.1) | <0.001 |
| Height (cm) | 163.5 (10.6) | 162.1 (10.1) | 0.17 |
| Weight (kg) | 59.0 (13.9) | 57.1 (12.9) | 0.15 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 72.5 (16.0) | 73.6 (9.0) | 0.41 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 21.9 (3.8) | 21.6 (3.6) | 0.38 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 115.6 (11.3) | 116.4 (13.3) | 0.52 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 67.1 (7.7) | 65.6 (7.8) | 0.05 |
| HbA1c (%) | 8.4 (1.3) | 8.5 (1.3) | 0.72 |
| HbA1c (mmol/mol) | 68.8 (14.2) | 69.3 (14.6) | 0.72 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 4.36 (0.84) | 4.28 (0.90) | 0.38 |
| HDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.57 (0.42) | 1.55 (0.36) | 0.71 |
| LDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 2.31 (0.66) | 2.28 (0.66) | 0.62 |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 0.83 (0.64–1.19) | 0.88 (0.62–1.20) | 0.72 |
| hs-CRP (mg/L) | 0.49 (0.19–1.14) | 0.59 (0.19–1.20) | 0.21 |
| ADMA (nmol/L) | 471.2 (74.7) | 483.7 (93.2) | 0.16 |
| ACR (mg/mmol) | 0.63 (0.53–0.74) | 1.23 (0.99–1.83) | <0.001 |
| Cystatin C (mg/L) | 0.86 (0.13) | 0.84 (0.13) | 0.22 |
| Creatinine (µmol/L) | 55.1 (11.1) | 52.0 (10.0) | 0.009 |
| eGFR (Schwartz) (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 128.5 (21.2) | 135.2 (24.6) | 0.007 |
| eGFR (Zappitelli) (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 104.9 (16.2) | 109.2 (17.5) | 0.02 |
| cIMT (mm) | 0.440 (0.041) | 0.444 (0.051) | 0.38 |
Data are mean (SD) or median (interquartile range) unless otherwise specified.