Baseline characteristics according to complication status
| DM without microvascular complications (N = 2,199) | DM with microvascular complications (N = 601) | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 63.0 (11.4) | 64.3 (10.8) | 0.012 |
| Women | 586 (26.6) | 175 (29.1) | 0.23 |
| Ethnicity | <0.001 | ||
| Chinese | 767 (34.9) | 180 (30.0) | |
| Indian | 673 (30.6) | 182 (30.3) | |
| Malaysian | 415 (18.9) | 119 (19.8) | |
| Japanese | 145 (6.6) | 73 (12.1) | |
| Korean | 103 (4.7) | 10 (1.7) | |
| Thai | 43 (2.0) | 27 (4.5) | |
| Filipino | 12 (0.5) | 5 (0.8) | |
| Indigenous SEA | 34 (1.5) | 4 (0.7) | |
| Others | 6 (0.3) | 1 (0.2) | |
| NYHA class | <0.001 | ||
| I | 289 (14.9) | 50 (9.0) | |
| II | 1,035 (53.4) | 286 (51.6) | |
| III | 523 (27.0) | 195 (35.2) | |
| IV | 93 (4.8) | 23 (4.2) | |
| Systolic BP (mmHg) | 122.6 (20.9) | 127.1 (22.6) | <0.001 |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 72.4 (12.4) | 71.1 (12.0) | 0.019 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 26.0 (5.1) | 26.3 (5.7) | 0.16 |
| Heart rate (bpm) | 80.1 (16.1) | 78.1 (13.9) | <0.001 |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 63.6 (27.4) | 46.7 (25.5) | <0.001 |
| LVEF (%) | 33.8 (14.9) | 35.9 (15.5) | 0.002 |
| HFpEF (%) | 411 (18.7) | 150 (24.9) | 0.001 |
| Ischemic etiology | 1,202 (58.5) | 372 (64.4) | 0.011 |
| Duration of HF, years | 0.02 | ||
| <1 | 988 (47.1) | 229 (40.2) | |
| 1–5 | 621 (29.3) | 196 (34.4) | |
| >5–10 | 317 (14.9) | 97 (17.0) | |
| ≥10 | 185 (8.7) | 48 (8.4) | |
| Signs and symptoms | |||
| Shortness of breath on exertion | 1,531 (69.7) | 470 (78.2) | <0.001 |
| Angina | 266 (12.1) | 56 (9.3) | 0.058 |
| Elevated JVP | 359 (16.3) | 132 (22.0) | 0.001 |
| Peripheral edema | 636 (28.9) | 224 (37.3) | <0.001 |
| Pulmonary rales | 391 (17.8) | 165 (27.5) | <0.001 |
| Medical history | |||
| Obese | 380 (18.7) | 115 (20.6) | 0.329 |
| CAD | 1,263 (57.5) | 383 (63.7) | 0.006 |
| CKD (eGFR <60 mL/min/1.73 m2) | 877 (48.7) | 375 (75.0) | <0.001 |
| Prior stroke | 166 (7.6) | 67 (11.1) | 0.005 |
| Atrial fibrillation/flutter | 399 (18.2) | 104 (17.3) | 0.63 |
| Hypertension | 1,532 (69.7) | 448 (74.5) | 0.022 |
| Type of DM | 0.214 | ||
| Type 1 | 60 (2.7) | 11 (1.8) | |
| Type 2 | 2,139 (97.3) | 590 (98.2) | |
| Duration of DM (years), median (IQR) | 7 (3, 12) | 11 (6, 20) | <0.001 |
| Peripheral arterial disease | 73 (3.3) | 63 (10.5) | <0.001 |
| Medication and device use | |||
| ACEi or ARB | 1,560 (73.2) | 392 (66.4) | 0.001 |
| β-Blockers | 1,616 (75.8) | 457 (77.5) | 0.41 |
| MRA | 1,078 (50.6) | 206 (34.9) | <0.001 |
| Any diuretics | 1,771 (83.1) | 489 (82.9) | 0.9 |
| Any oral antidiabetes medication | 1,291 (60.6) | 320 (54.6) | 0.008 |
| Insulin | 335 (15.7) | 139 (23.7) | <0.001 |
| Device use | 0.372 | ||
| None | 1,932 (88.0) | 539 (89.7) | |
| ICD/CRT-D | 177 (8.0) | 45 (7.5) | |
| Pacer/pacemaker | 87 (4.0) | 17 (2.8) | |
| Laboratory, median (IQR) | |||
| Potassium (mmol/L) | 4.2 (3.8, 4.6) | 4.3 (3.9, 4.6) | 0.008 |
| Sodium (mmol/L) | 138.0 (136.0, 140.0) | 138.0 (136.0, 141.0) | 0.88 |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 1.1 (0.9, 1.5) | 1.5 (1.2, 2.2) | <0.001 |
Data are n (%) or median (interquartile range [IQR]). BP, blood pressure; CKD, chronic kidney disease; CRT-D, cardiac resynchronization therapy defibrillator; HR, heart rate; ICD, implantable cardioverter defibrillator; JVP, jugular venous pressure; MRA, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist; SEA, Southeast Asia.