Results from the GLM regression with γ distribution and identity link on total costs
| Variables | Model 1 | Model 2 |
|---|---|---|
| Diabetes duration categories (reference: 0–2 years) | ||
| 2–5 years | 162.6*** (44.74) | 127.9*** (41.71) |
| 5–10 years | 520.2*** (48.19) | 347.9*** (43.78) |
| >10 years | 1,039*** (66.19) | 738.7*** (60.68) |
| HbA1c categories (reference: HbA1c <7%) | ||
| 7% ≥ HbA1c < 8% | 147.8*** (42.21) | 127.5*** (39.11) |
| 8% ≥ HbA1c < 10% | 527.0*** (58.04) | 395.1*** (52.64) |
| HbA1c ≥10% | 582.3*** (95.64) | 428.3*** (86.16) |
| Complications (reference: no complications) | ||
| Macrovascular complications | 1,516*** (97.51) | |
| Microvascular complications | 844.1*** (69.74) | |
| Both types | 2,091*** (83.61) | |
| Observations (n)a | 90,874 | 90,874 |
| AIC | 17.947 | 17.892 |
| BIC | −1,001,518 | −1,006,790 |
| Log-likelihood | −866,376.45 | −863,723.18 |
Cost in 2011 €, with SEs given in parentheses. Model 1 adjusted for age (in categories), sex, BMI (in categories), hypertension and hypercholesterolemia, and smoking habits. Model 2 adds to model 1 whether the individual has any micro- or macrovascular complications or both. Reference categories: diabetes duration of <2 years, HbA1c <7% (models 1 and 2), and no vascular complications (model 2).
AIC, Akaike information criterion; BIC, Bayesian information criterion.
↵*** P < 0.01.
↵a Only individuals with complete data for all lifestyle factors (and any other variable included in the regressions) were included in the analyses (i.e., 90,874 patients in both models 1 and 2 out of 100,391 patients from the whole patient cohort).