Baseline characteristics of participants by glycemic status (n = 2,013)
| Characteristics | Normoglycemia (n = 1,212) | Prediabetes (n = 650) | Diabetes (n = 151) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 69 ± 9.2 | 72 ± 9.5* | 71 ± 8.5* | <0.001 |
| 60–78 years | 876 (72.3) | 390 (60.0) | 96 (63.6) | <0.001 |
| ≥78 years | 336 (27.7) | 260 (40.0) | 55 (36.4) | |
| Female sex | 770 (63.5) | 429 (66.0) | 74 (49.0) | <0.001 |
| Education ≥elementary | 1,072 (88.7) | 563 (86.6) | 128 (84.8) | 0.209 |
| Living in institutions | 13 (1.07) | 4 (0.62) | 2 (1.32) | 0.549 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 25 ± 3.7 | 26 ± 3.8* | 28 ± 3.9* | <0.001 |
| Smoking status | 0.082 | |||
| Never smoker | 575 (47.9) | 286 (44.3) | 63 (42.3) | |
| Former smoker | 480 (39.9) | 254 (39.4) | 69 (46.3) | |
| Current smoker | 147 (12.2) | 105 (16.3) | 17 (11.4) | |
| Alcohol consumption | <0.001 | |||
| No or occasional | 281 (23.4) | 216 (33.3) | 56 (37.3) | |
| Light to moderate | 699 (58.1) | 319 (49.2) | 71 (47.3) | |
| Heavy | 223 (18.5) | 113 (17.4) | 23 (15.3) | |
| Physically active | 969 (80.0) | 493 (75.6) | 110 (72.9) | 0.034 |
| MMSE score | 28.8 ± 2.6 | 28.6 ± 1.8 | 28.7 ± 1.7 | 0.868 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 142 ± 19.6 | 144 ± 18.8 | 147 ± 19.9 | 0.024 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 82 ± 10.4 | 81 ± 10.1 | 80 ± 11.5 | 0.014 |
| Hypertension | 849 (70.1) | 483 (74.3) | 133 (88.1) | <0.001 |
| High total cholesterol | 611 (52.5) | 368 (56.8) | 82 (55.0) | 0.214 |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 68 ± 11.7 | 65 ± 12.9 | 65 ± 15.6 | <0.001 |
| Depression and mood disorders | 98 (8.09) | 43 (6.62) | 17 (11.3) | 0.143 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 43 (3.55) | 36 (5.54) | 11 (7.28) | 0.031 |
| Peripheral neuropathy | 19 (1.57) | 6 (0.92) | 4 (2.65) | 0.211§ |
| Number of CVDs | <0.001 | |||
| 0 | 1,038 (85.6) | 516 (79.4) | 90 (59.6) | |
| 1 | 131 (10.8) | 83 (12.8) | 35 (23.2) | |
| ≥2 | 43 (3.55) | 51 (7.85) | 26 (17.2) | |
| Chair stand (s) | 20 ± 20.8 | 21 ± 21.4* | 25 ± 24.8* | 0.029 |
| Walking speed (m/s) | 1.2 ± 0.4 | 1.1 ± 0.4* | 1.0 ± 0.4* | <0.001 |
| ADL disability# | 29 (2.4) | 15 (2.3) | 2 (1.3) | 0.707 |
| IADL disability¤ | 108 (9.1) | 55 (8.6) | 18 (12.2) | 0.390 |
Data are n (%) or means ± SD.
↵# At least one impairment in ADL. ¤At least one impairment in IADL. *Pairwise means comparison with Bonferroni correction: P < 0.05 (reference group, normoglycemia). §Fisher exact test.