Participant characteristics
| Case subjects | Control subjects | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| n = 101 | n = 100 | P value | |
| Sex: women∫ | 51 (50) | 44 (44) | 0.36 |
| Ageµ (years) | 68.6 ± 6.4 | 68.0 ± 5.9 | 0.52 |
| 60 to <65 | 32 (32) | 36 (36) | |
| 65 to <70 | 33 (33) | 31 (31) | |
| 70 to <75 | 19 (19) | 20 (20) | |
| ≥75 | 17 (17) | 13 (13) | |
| Race/ethnicity: non-Hispanic white∫ | 94 (93) | 91 (91) | 0.59 |
| T1D durationµ (years) | 40.5 ± 11.6 | 39.6 ± 11.9 | 0.58 |
| 20 to <30 | 22 (22) | 29 (29) | |
| 30 to <40 | 28 (28) | 22 (22) | |
| 40 to <50 | 26 (26) | 23 (23) | |
| ≥50 | 25 (25) | 26 (26) | |
| Education*∫ | 0.62 | ||
| Less than high school or high school diploma/GED | 14 (14) | 11 (11) | |
| Some college/associate or bachelor degree | 59 (59) | 65 (65) | |
| Master/professional or doctorate degree | 27 (27) | 23 (23) | |
| Insurance*∫ϑ | 0.35 | ||
| Government and commercial | 35 (35) | 37 (37) | |
| Only commercial | 26 (26) | 34 (34) | |
| Only government | 38 (38) | 27 (27) | |
| None | 1 (1) | 2 (2) | |
| Income (annual)*∫ | 0.41 | ||
| <$35,000 | 24 (26) | 22 (26) | |
| $35,000 to <$50,000 | 12 (13) | 9 (11) | |
| $50,000 to <$100,000 | 30 (33) | 33 (39) | |
| ≥$100,000 | 26 (28) | 20 (24) | |
| BMI (kg/m2)*€µ | 26.9 ± 5.0 | 27.0 ± 4.4 | 0.94 |
| Underweight | 3 (3) | — | |
| Normal weight | 37 (37) | 37 (38) | |
| Overweight | 34 (34) | 36 (37) | |
| Obese | 25 (25) | 25 (26) | |
| Exercise*ൠ(days/week) | 6 (4, 7) | 5 (4, 7) | 0.52 |
| Alcohol use*µ (days/month) | 3.5 (0, 25) | 2.5 (0, 20) | 0.64 |
| At least 1 day per month of binge drinking¥∫ | 6 (6) | 3 (3) | 0.50 |
| Live alone∫ | 25 (25) | 22 (22) | 0.64 |
Categorical variables are shown as n (%) and continuous variables as mean ± SD or median (25th, 75th percentile).
∫P value obtained from χ2 test or Fisher exact test when appropriate.
µP value obtained from t test or Wilcoxon test when appropriate.
↵*Education data missing for 1 case and 1 control subject; health insurance data missing for 1 case subject; income data missing for 9 case and 16 control subjects; BMI data missing for 2 case and 2 control subjects; exercise data missing for 2 case subjects; alcohol data missing for 1 case subject.
ϑThe government and commercial insurance group includes those with government insurance (Medicare, Medigap, Medicaid, TRICARE, Indian Health Service Plan, State Children's Health Insurance Program, etc.) and commercial insurance (commercial, fee-for-service, health maintenance organization, preferred provider organization, point-of-service) or a single-service plan (e.g., dental, vision, prescriptions). The only commercial insurance group includes those with commercial insurance only, and the only government insurance group includes those with government insurance only.
↵‡Exercise defined as at least 20 min of physical activity.
¥Binge drinking defined as ≥5 drinks in a row, within a couple of hours.
€BMI is weight in kilograms divided by height in meters2; underweight defined as BMI <18.5 kg/m2, normal weight defined as BMI 18.5 to <25.0 kg/m2, overweight defined as BMI 25.0 to <30.0 kg/m2, and obese defined as BMI ≥30.0 kg/m2.