Type 1 Diabetes and Autism

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Children with both type 1 diabetes and autism spectrum disorder were identified (n = 9) by a retrospective chart review of all children with diabetes (n = 984 in 2002) attending the Diabetes Clinic at The Hospital for Sick Children. With respect to autism spectrum disorder, the data selected included age at diagnosis, method of diagnosis, and family history of autism spectrum disorder or learning disorders. For those identified, the diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder had been made previously by either a psychiatrist or developmental pediatrician.

The 95% CI was calculated for the prevalence of autism spectrum disorder in our population of children with type 1 diabetes.

RESULTS

Of 984 individual children with diabetes seen in our Diabetes Clinic in 2002, 9 were identified as having autism spectrum disorder (0.9% [95% CI 0.3–1.5]). There were seven male and two female subjects.

The median age at diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder was 4.8 years (range 3.3–6.8), while that for type 1 diabetes was 8.2 years (range 0.8–13.5). In five children, the diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder was made following evaluation by a staff psychiatrist or developmental pediatrician at The Hospital for Sick Children. The diagnosis was made in two children following evaluation by developmental pediatricians in the community. Three children were also identified as having a family history of some form of developmental disorder.

CONCLUSIONS

Our data suggest that the prevalence of autism spectrum disorder in children with type 1 diabetes attending the Diabetes Clinic at The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, may be greater than that in the general population (0.9% [95% CI 0.3–1.5] vs. 0.34–0.67) (4,6). Certain factors may account for this finding, including a common autoimmune pathogenesis. In 1971, Money et al. (9) reported a possible association between autism and a family history of autoimmune disease in a case report. In addition, Denney et al. (10) described a lower percentage of helper-inducer cells and a decreased helper–to–suppressor cell ratio in children with autism, as well as a lower percentage of lymphocytes expressing bound interleukin-2 receptors, following mitogenic stimulation compared with control subjects. These findings were inversely related to the severity of autistic symptoms. Gupta et al. (11) reported findings that suggest that an imbalance of Th1- and Th2-like cytokines may be important in the pathogenesis of autism. Similarly, Plioplys et al. (12) reported on 11 of 17 patients with autism who had findings suggestive of “incomplete activation” of T-cells, a finding also seen in autoimmune diseases. Comi et al. (13) reported an increased incidence of autoimmune diseases in mothers of patients with autism compared with control mothers. A recently reported link between autism and autoimmune thyroid disorder increases the likelihood of finding some shared autoimmune etiologic process (14). Furthermore, autoantibodies implicated in autoimmune thyroid disorders are found with an increased prevalence in patients with type 1 diabetes (15–17).

A possible referral bias, the small sample size, and the absence of specific autism surveillance measures used for all children attending the Diabetes Clinic limit the generalizability of these findings. However, while our findings must be viewed as preliminary, our experience suggests that a large multicenter study involving a large sample size is required to confirm or refute an association between these two conditions.

Our report of an increased prevalence of autism spectrum disorder in a population of children with type 1 diabetes emphasizes the need to recognize a potential association between these two diseases allowing for better overall patient identification and referral for appropriate care. Confirmation of an association between type 1 diabetes and autism spectrum disorder may provide important insights into the pathogenesis of both conditions.